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UN EVE Ro bTY OF “PENNS YEVAN LA 


THE UNIVERSITY MUSEUM 
PUBLICATIONS OF THE BABYLONIAN SECTION 
Vote Lil 


HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 
BY 


v 
LEON LEGRAIN 


PHILADELPHIA 
PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY MUSEUM 
1922 


“. 


‘ eh os 


PAGE 
HOS TELE) DA CLC ES Nii i ea RR ne Reich Pat oc 5-9 
EHO POSER ONOLOGY Ni.) 6.3 ues tec . yete ie earth etn 11-13 
Cities OneSUMERCANDSOAKKAD 7. + \.ctioes 2 ere uae 14 
TRANSLATION AND COMMENTARY 
Bem HM TRUNCISHEN Choneliees 2 J-25: scr, oes hailed aera 15-28 
THE END OF THE THIRD UR Dynasty, IBI-SIN AND 

Espey iel Ubig TON Tek tee Pate) a6) jr emia etn ane sero 5 5 28-33 
A SEAL GIVEN BY IBI-SIN TO THE HIGH PRIEST OF 

PEDO G. UINMD Bali 9 2 eke re aM ARTE use scent 34-41 
I Sieoreeeem err omuNOte ss 1O))) oo. sy. ba vette 41-45 
CLAY PAGAFROM SURUPPAK (No. 12)..+..... 02554 A7 
SEAL IMPRESSION OF THE [IME OF GIMIL-SIN 

Dine Tee Gi aay 2 SS a CARN A a a Re 47-48 
INSCRIPTIONS OF SARGON (No. 14, 15)........... 48-50 
VOTIVE CONE OF ARAD-SIN (No. 18)........ Vee 5 lea 
Pika a GM haan Da N INO UN ING, 923) Si nciyec ec. hes 55-60 
Bde, TGS TWO IN Oy, 29 0 ec pea A a a 60 
ieee WOU Ame NOT OO)) sore on ot Se ked nod oe. 61 
RUIN OF MAER ON A PRESARGONIC DATE (No. 27) 62-63 
EAU Do Ue eVUA RAD sUINGA 201. Tei els can oc ek 63-04 
Fee imme VOMUN NAT CINOS03 1p ane afore By ce oa eal 05 
INCANTATION, RITUAL OF THE DEAD (No. 33).... 66 
SUMERIAN LETTER ON FIELDS AND ORCHARDS 

US Tah SUR: Sho 0a gam plant iene eee aan eee en 67 
INCANTATION BY THE BROKEN REED OF APSU 

UNG 200s cot Alton hae Pa an a ere 68 
FRAGMENT OF THE CODE, SLAVES WAGES (NO. 39) 70 
BEM EEL CIMES VAT UURLING .4fil:)/aocr sei liai nyc Seema eee 7i-7A 
BUILDING INSCRIPTION OF Duna (No. 42)....... 74-77 
BUILDING INSCRIPTION (NARAM SIN, HAMAz1) 

PRO E, ALAS. ESE p to th Sra aE Re de ee 7T7-7O 
IiLURGY FOF *GA=GIBIL-SAG"( NOs 44). Se nee eee 78-80 
SGU MM WORORMININGIL (NO 48) a6 (0. sacs cas ees ... 80-82 
BRAloee ORM ELL-ISTAR: (INO. AQ) soca bees nt eens 82-83 


(3) 


CONTENTS 


PAGE 
A LEASE FOR LAND, THE. 5TH YEAR AFTER THE 

CAPTURE} OF (ISIN (NOW 15 3 serra eee 84 
RECEIPT FOR 4 SHEKELS SILVER, YEAR WHEN RIM- 

Sin OccupiED Dur-Damig-ILiSu (No. 54).... 85 
SEMITIC: LETTER UNO. 55 Jick coe eens cnn 86 
SIPPAR MERCENARIES (NG, -50J= senate thee eae 87 
RESTORATION OF EBABBAR OF SIPPAR ON THE I8TH 

YEAR OF SAMSU-ILUNA~ (NOw'57)mere tee eee: 88-89 
RULING OF OFFERINGS IN NiIpPUR TEMPLE BY HAM- 

MURABT GUNOI OL) vie oo aot ts LA nis s neaeepe 90-93 
CASSITR LIST.OF INAMES (MU) ° UNOMO2) 2.0 eee 93 
APPOINTMENT OF DIGNITARIES OF ENKI TEMPLE 

(N0.:66) Ace aa. Cans sete epee ae ee 95-90 
FIELD PURCHASED BY HAMMURABI TO MAKE A 

CEMETERY-4.NOs407)ieauih 2 een ee ne ee 96 
CASSITE “HISTORICAL! ZETIER™ (NG 0G) pss eee 97 
HISTORICAL LETTER: CAMPAIGN OF NAZIMARUTTAS | 

CNet (0) en Mr eRe Aes SS 97-99 
BUSINESS DOCUMENTS, TIME OF KuUDUR-ENLIL (No. 

A Led 2 eh ails ae ae Pes lg Se 99-100 
BUSINESS DOCUMENTS, TIME OF SAGARAKTI SURIAS 

ONO: 7S See ths Se ae a ea 100 
FIELD IRRIGATION, TIME OF SAGARAKTI SurRIAS 

CNG 6 eee cies Po te ee etry 6c 101-102 
DATED ON IST YEAR OF NABU-SUM-UKIN-NU 

ON G70) FE a 2 ea ea es en 102 
NippuR GoLtp TREASURE, 5TH YEAR OF NAZI- 

MARUTTAS (INO. 00) 20) cde aed oro eee eae 102-107 
CYLINDER: OF 7SARGON “(NO.201 iw een 107 
LEGAL DOCUMENT: IST YEAR OF ASSUR-ETILLUM- 

ILANT (NG582-83) Uo Ake) rReee oee 107 
BUSINESS DOCUMENT: 42ND YEAR OF AR-TAH- 

KUR=SU: (NO SShyo ow act One cee Rr bes Week 12.5 eALOy 

INDEX::.OR-TABLECES eis? 25257 29 ae on ae ere 108 
AUTOGRAPH SLE XT Sie cars oo eee ee eee PL. I-XX XIII 


MAP:—TuHE LANDS OF SUMER AND AKKAD.. 
(4) 


INTRODUCTION 


Reconstructing ancient history in Babylonia before B.C. 
2000 up to 4000, and even to the kings after the flood, has become 
possible, thanks to the material provided by the Nippur exca- 
vations. A summary classification of unpublished tablets in 
the Museum collections has led to the discovery of fragments of 
historical import. They have been collected in the present 
volume. Prominent among them are: the chronological frag- 
ments, the portrait of King Ibi-Sin, and his official despatches 
at the time of the revolt of Isbi-irra, the founder of the Isin 
dynasty. They will be studied in turn along with less important, 
or comparatively more recent, fragments of the Cassite and Neo- 
Babylonian period. Due allowance should be made for further 
corrections to difficult Sumerian texts of damaged fragments. 

The main enlightening fact is that we gain a sure footing 
for more than two thousand years of history before the founda- 
tion of the first Babylonian empire—the empire of Hammurabi, 
when Abraham was a citizen of Ur in Chaldaza—a fact that 
brings the early Babylonian to the level of, if not before, the 
Egyptian chronology. Indeed it was not a Babylonian, but a 
Sumero-Akkadian chronology. And the problem of origins is 
furthermore complicated with a racial problem. Among the 11 
royal cities that had in turn the honor of governing the land 
between the actual region of Bagdad and the sea, some like 
Kis, Upi, Akkad (Maer, Isin), belong to Akkadians a Semitic 
race; some like Uruk, Ur, Adab (Hamazi, Larsa), to a non- 
Semitic race: the Sumerians. The first known kingdom was 
the Semitic kingdom of Kis. But all civilization, art, religion 
looked toward the Sumerian south as its cradle. The Sumerian 
land that extended for about 150 miles from Nippur to Eridu on 
the sea was the land of origins. The creation of the world was 

(5) 


6 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION 


the work of Ea the god of Eridu. At the same place the Sume- 
rians were taught the art of writing by the fish-god—the Oannes 
of the Greek tradition. The hero of the flood lived in Suruppak, 
and Gilgame’ was king of Uruk. The great god of heaven, Anu, 
was worshiped in the same city. Enlil, the lord of all countries, 
was enthroned in his temple-mountain at Nippur. The religious 
tradition of the land hung between those two poles, Eridu and 
Nippur. The moon god of Ur, the regulator of times, was only 
the son of Enlil, and the sun god of Larsa was in turn the son 
of the moon god of Ur. Most remarkably Eridu and Nippur 
were only shrines and never capital of the kingdom. We may 
complete the picture of Sumer by noting that the kings of Ur 
were Sumerians—Ibi-Sin reproaching Isbi-irra for not being of 
Sumerian race—and that toward the same time! at Nippur 
three-fifths of the inhabitants were Sumerian, and two-fifths 
Semite. | 

When the whole land of Sumer and Akkad was united, and 
Babylon was a new capital for a new race, the religious signifi- 
cance of Sumer survived, and dead Sumerian language was used 
exclusively for all sort of religious compositions and records. 
Previous to the “usurpations” of Marduk of Babylon, and his 
satellite Nabu, the Semite Akkadians could boast only a great 
sanctuary of the sun god of Sippar. Sippar seems to have been 
the early center of Akkadian influence. The city gave its proper 
name to the Euphrates, which was known as the river of Sippar 
to the Sumerians. All the cities of KiS, Upi, Babylon are located 
in the same region. South of Nippur began Sumer, or later on 
the kingdom of the sea. 

Among so many questions connected with the early settle- 
ment and religious influence of the Sumerians we will single out 
only two, and give them only a provisional answer. How are 
we to understand the high number of years of the first kings 
recorded by chronology? Was Nippur on the Euphrates or on 
the Tiger? 


1 See proper names in Drehem tablets. 


LEON LEGRAIN—HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS fi 


The moon was the first regulator of time. Twelve lunar 
months formed a cycle or short year. And only the necessity to 
keep in touch with a regular course of seasons, forced to double 
one month, and add an extra 13th month every second or third 
year.! This confirms the priority of the moon god Sin, on the 
sun god Babbar. To the last time of the Sumerian kingdoms 
we know that religious ceremonies used to attend the rising of 
the new moon, the time of the full moon, the time of its dis- 
appearance. There were shrines—like the temple of Tiras in 
Lagas—specially consecrated to that purpose. Other chapels 
were called: house of the new moon and of the 15th of the moon. 
No computation could ever supersede that reappearance of the 
moon at intervals of 29 or 30 days. It was the only fixed rule. 
The names of the months in keeping with the seasons, the place 
of the 13th month was a matter of free speculation and varied 
from one city to another. As far back as 2300 B.C., we know 
at the same time 4 different calendars in the cities of Lagas, 
Umma, Nippur and Drehem. The Sumerian name of the 
monthly period of time is: bal.2 Later on we find that pali is 
a fixed period, the length of a reign, used also for one (solar) 
year of the reign. But the length of a palf is a secondary idea. 
The first meaning is: a fixed period of time. In Sumerian times 
the pal# was a lunar month. Archeology can help us a little 
farther on. The sign bal, palit, is the picture and has the mean- 
ing of a weapon, a long lance driven into the ground.’ The 
shaft is ornamented with cross lines representing a hilt or side 
buckle. The same lance in the same position is a well-known 
symbol on early seal cylinders. It may figure in the hands of 
GilgameS and Eabani, in connection with the sun god, and often 
surmounted by a star or a crescent. Now the very ideogram of 
the new moon: the brilliant Nannar, is no other than the same 


1Cf. Le temps des rois d’Ur, p. 14-15: six extra months in 16 years. Space of time: bal, 
ibid., p. 7-9. 

2 Cf. bal-gub-ba in lists of accounts. 

3 Cf. the palus of the Latins. 


8 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION 


lance driven into the ground (Ses-kz).1_ Had the Sumerian the 
habit of driving a lance into the ground for each new moonr? 
In fact the dating of the oldest tablets—from Suruppak—is not 
by solar year (mu-an-na), but by periods: bal, that may very 
well be lunar months. A more recent expression is still vague: 
ud-ba: “in the days of . . .”’. Why should we not consider the 
figures of the first kings as so many periods of lunar months of 
2914 days? The second dynasty of KiS, reduced that way, gives 
instead of 3792 (bal), a theoretical number of 278 sun-years. 
Was Nippur on the bank of the Euphrates or the Tiger? 
The question has been considered as settled. Was not Surippak 
a city south of Nippur on the Euphrates? Do not the texts of 
the ““Murashu sons’? at the time of the Persian kings mention 
the river of Sippar to Nippur? That is true, but they mention 
also the old Tiger (Diglat labiri). The texts of the Cassite* 
period know the Tiger of the god Enlil (™ Diglat ¢ En-lil *), 
the Tiger of Nippur. King Rim-Sin digs down to the sea, the 
Tiger, the river of the gods, meaning probably the great sanc- 
tuaries. King Sin-idinnam,°® of Larsa, states expressly that he 
dug the Tiger to water his land and city. The earliest testimony 
is supplied by Gudea® of Lagas: “in Nippur the water of the 
Tiger did not rise any more.’ Whether the Tiger itself or a 
large canal derived from it passed across Nippur, it seems, any- 
how, that in Sumerian time the larger connection and the main 
stream were derived from the Tiger, without excluding con- 
nection with the Euphrates along the river of Sippar. That is 
why we attempted on the reconstruction map in this volume to 
identify the old Tigris with possibly the Habl-es-Sachr. The 
bearing of this old line of communication on the first Sumerian 


1Cf. Urigallu. 

2 Their word for year: mu-an-na “‘the celestial name” is the picture of an arrow, sharp point 
down. 

*BEAEX SR. 

*BESAVIL 

5 SAK. p. 208, 210. 

‘Cyl Al 1,97 XX VIEL; 433 


LEON LEGRAIN—HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 9) 


settlement may be considerable. Despite all the reed shrines 
(é-gi-par; gi-gunu) they would build in the “eden” the new 
conquered lowland, the Sumerians would still remember the 
early shrine of Enlil dwelling on the top of the mountain. 
And their land, religion, civilization expanded between those 
two landmarks: the zzggurrat of Nippur, and the absu (temple- 
abyss) of Eridu. 

Two tables, one of the Nippur chronology, the other a 
geographical list, are here appended, as a short way of summing 
up the new data. 

Bee is 
May, 192! 


Be ar ovants 


« 7 
i 


» Ae 


Nippur Chronology * 
mings , 


L ]-um-e. 

ii J-an-l a 
[ ]-bu-um. 
[ Us - ] bai?) 

if ]-Labba. 


Galu-mu-um 


Ar-pi 

Etana (sib) 
Wa-li- x 
En-me-nun-na a 
Me-lam- kis -(t)-ki y 
Bar-sal-nun-na 
Mes-za-mug “| 
E,n-gis - UL 
FE.n-me-dur-mes-e (?) 

i j-Za 
En-me-bara-gi-Su (2) 
Li: 


Ag 
Uruk. 1 

Mes-ki-in-ga-se-ir 

En-me-ir-kar 

: Lugal-banda 

4 Dumu-zi (Su-ha+g) 

4 Gis-bil-ga-mes | 

1- lugal 

Ur. 1 


Mes-an-ni -pad- da 
Mes -ki-8p-nun-na 
E-lu-lu. 
Ba-lu-lu. 

Awan 


23 
. 


I 


Uy. ue) 


Years. 
Total of: 
( CBS. 14223 ) A Kis 
Tel J 5 Uruk | 22 
Ra-la-gi-nanu-Lum]f| 3. Ur 
Na-an-gis-li-i$-ma 1 Awan 
I Hamazi 
I Adab ee) 
J00 | 1 Mari peaskest! 
900 1 Upi 99 (2252) 
840 1 Agade 
720 I Guti 
6 35 I Isin 
Ato a 
61! pe ees 
900 Royal cifies: i 
1200 ‘To Enlil-bani 
[Te Damig-ili3u 
900 
625 
I8000.. 
325 
420 
200 
100 
126 
al AG ee 
80 
30 
25 : 
36 Suruppak 
[71 Dada 
Haladda 
Urninpa 
ees Kanizi 
856 Masg-Suruppa 
Ur-nin-kurra. 
108 me Kis Lagas Umma. 
Utyu Pp: senof Ba~zu-2u Lu al-Sap-engur.p. Suru-us-gi . p. 
Mesjlfm Kk. Badu k. 
Ur-zap-e k. En-hegal k. 
Reals ema Ls USI" f j Gursar 7 
3792 (0)! Lugal-tar-si_ k. Gunidu E.-abzu. k. 
hes aa Alezuct?) Uinchinantek ees ps 


B. Oulside the main lot, hing (k) palesia ip, have been classed 0: 
onstrucled ona eorelical eslimale of Kis 1: 279 (dun 4), Ke Ize, Urick I:t10 Marc :59 Kis M:166, Gull: 124, U 


Akurgal 
E-an-na-tum (785.2 p: 


Th 


En-temena ? 
uy UKus 


En-an-na-fum" p, 


a coximalel, oc notaball. — Years y: 


| 
| 


129) K-annatunt Pk. Ein-akalli, 
Ert-an-na-turn p. Ur-lumma.k. 


P: 


» Pp. 


BC. C Uruk. J 
8350 
Adab 
3240 |__| Lugal-an-ni-mu-un-du} 90_ 
Mari 
3150 An-sir : t 
L ]-g1 
Upi 
8091 Un-zt. P 


Un-da-lu-lu 


Bias 


Ba- -Sa° Sahan 


2992 
Ba-Sa¢En-zu . + 
Ur Za-ma-ma ¥ 6 or [20.. 
Zi-mu-dar 30 


U-zi-wa-dar 
sy mu- -Ci 
ul 'Samag 
Hs Me -ni-ia-ah 
Uruk. Tl. 
9,726 Lugal-zag-gi-si 
; Agade 
£701 Sar-ru-Ki-in 
2646 Ri-mvu-vus u 
2631) |Mani-is-te-su } 
2624 Na-ra-arn ' Sin Ae 


Sap- -Qa- nis Sar- ry 
Menu- cum 3arru Manvu-um la darru 
I - -gi “gl sarru 
l-rm Sarru 
Na-ni Sarru 
E-lu-lu  $arru 


9540 Du-du 
2519 Su -qar -kib 
Uruk. lv 
2504 a ms as 
eee -ginar \ 
By: Sa - int 
Ur 4 Utu 


166 (199 °) 


Lagas Umma 


Ene-tar-zi pp. En-nalum 
En-li-tar-zi 1P a 
Lugal-an-da” p, Lugalzaggi-si 
En-pil-sa J P- | 
Urukagina Kur-Ses 
Ur babbar p. Ames 
Lugal-usumgal p. Mesi | 
Adab Une Ps Lugal- eat 
Eisar-lugal-ca-lu Lugal-bur  p. Ga us: -babbar , 
Esar-me-igi-[  ] BaSa-ma-ma p- La? Sara 
Mari Ur-mama_ p. Mes- =é 
[ ]- Samas (BM. 99828)) Ug-rne Pp 


WA 


Magan 

Upi Nippur Mannu-dann 
Enlil zi 

Lugal-sur-zu Barahsu | 

Aba-a -ga-mas 


Kazalla/u 
Kastubilas Basime 


A-bi-la-Sa ilsvrabti, p. 
Gimil-mama Ibalum , p. 
Basa-mama 
Jah zar-ili Marad 
Bada Nosueda Libetilt. 

A irak Ligalum D- 
Ris-Hadad Tu-bu-k 


Na- bis mas. : 
Uruk -Ur- Sumer | 
Luoal-za gisi. | 
Lugal- -ki- ‘gub- ni-du ie k. Pos 

Lugal- -kfsal-st  k. Ahvma 


Agade En- “Sag- kuS-an-na 
Bin-oa-ar- parr, Sabum 
Da-f- Enlil Ka- -azZag. kof Ur. Abummisar. 


Abumilu | 
Gimil-sin-bani 


Ss 
( Scheil) (CBS.14220) Enbi-istar Arad ‘Nanna 
gan ] |[Ma-nu-um[  Sae-ru-ki-} in | 
I-97 gi 1 |Ma-nu-vm laL Rt -mu-us A Simany | 
J-mi-ilu In-dt -[ Ma-ni-is-te- Sv, AbuSam 
Na-nv-um- Sarru| Ya-nvu-L Me-sa-lim 
I-lu-ly = Sarru| I-f Marhas — 
Ursag- -pakabdu Libanuk-Saba 
Hursitu Asnunak Ur-mes 
(Asiru) puhia Kallamu Ganhar 
Ituria Urura Kisari 
Mal v Cibillama Dungi-zi-mu 
Ibig : far Kutha 8 Kimas+Made 
Gudea Tupa Hunnini 
Dungi: -babbar Namzitarra Amur-sin x 
Ur-pa-sag Sead Der 
Adamdun Urtu Anvu-muvtabbil 
Kisurra Ba-a Ur-sin | 
Idin- ilu, p Nagidda Loulubi 
Itur- hg Urgisginar Hamasi Anv-banini 
P Bat es ras pe 
baa Ur-adad Satuni j 
Adab i ba-a Arad“ Nannar . 
cane ule Iskun-Sin — 


J Daburum I-sim] ]gi-ra HaShammer 
CSlv2Utu 4 Lu-bal-5ag-9a i ]-wa-gar 


Ce Pa ay i 


oe Guti 
Im-bi-a eg 
5 Duplias 
tos Pus i Ur-nin in: su Unie d 
ee caatea ge: -ba 6 ee pee zi-da ao. ug. ek 
“ga- -rum [33] Ba pel zt 
: Bel-aku Hisima , 
: Gvtt ; vars BaSa-"Susinak 
ar-a-li-gubi-stin (RA. 1912 uO rca Leet 
L eer Sarlak eas pe de dadu I P 
a Lasirab Du-dy-ni Dan-rubu-ratir 
bi 1-bi one <a’ Hulibar Z aa 
[ Nene En-ri-da-pizir : Idadu, I 
c Lb g Si-um (CR. roll p. 318.) Ec Kuk-kir-mas 
Wiig pasa (yee ao guc eiaee gee LPI 
Rae ha I 
aoas Okman 
Ur-2 p Temple aoun (sukal.) 
. , Iyu 
eter P Ebarti 
K ‘e Pp Kin- daddvu 
pcre cry lg ee Tha-ditn 
Galu “Ba-u P Zariku pli 
rs Babel Galu. ee Pl wins al 
hy rt ae a y Arsih . p, ae 4 MIRO LNs Ds Urkium. é 
2354 UVtu- hegal ; PE ae Re NI . Sine huppak 
: { 
a eesti Gaia ka-zal ; Kok kis 
J .Ugal-mapurr ies : U ir-mes 
9304 Ure ser a : ! ee er UP. Galu-an-dul b. Atta-pak- as 
ae Ist ¥ Umma Ur “Lea ll et ri Paki 
il Gimil Dic tes rr Ab-ba-mt 9304 ‘Na Sree ‘ Kal- lie 
ft pb? Ui ¥ Ur 4 Ne-pdn euUOn f sageal, p Kudur-nahunt 
5 i Aa-k | er has Sire eli hate 
A A dle T7 nes Sig Arad-mu Pe mlt-silha 
2187 IS-bi-ir-ra C ‘879 Ld-an-sur P A 
Gimi| -ili-Su q 7H CU bel RSS e re nsan 
: ‘ ar, p.225 Salabu 
in (eee: Marsa Lugalt Jsir.p. Lipum 
me! 'Da- 
Libh te tar Seager a Nippur 
t lam Ao 1 Samum Ueeu. a Lug al-ezen-d ig p 
I- pane fa T Zabaja 2,100 Ma- ieee erim, kK. $1 Ur- Bab. hidaba a 
eat pi-Sa Gungunu nag re k.2075Nam-zi-tar-ra 
pie ra-Lt-mil ti Abis a r mu -chitana k.2060Ur-ezen- duig 
ie ‘ain ikisa CMe awi-um k 2050 Da- da P 
032 Enlil- bant Nur-Immer shee i; e 
Ee Sin-tcinnam S* Uruk 
: j Ghee iribam. In-gasid 2150 
Tet I Sin-igigam Sin gamil 2110 
| in - magir | Sili- Immer An-am (s.of Bél-Semea) 
«1985 AE Damigq-ili-su q Arad, een ares -Sao-Sa 
295% | In-eribam (!) 
(Capture of Isin Rim | Sin Ig7o Ur- Sin 
) : Hammurabi 1928 AraditSi 
Sippar Country of the sea. Rim i! n 
Imerum Ilu -ma-ilu. £g 10 Abésu AT Sin 
Humaila Itti-ili-ni-bi Ammidita es anit = 
Buntahtun-ila Ba ae ili-SU 1820 Am Ak 1249) Elam Emutbal 
Manabaltel Iskibal aru S al312 Kudour- mabuk 
Rimanum .1958 Suss : pie: Arad | Sin 
Nar’ "Sin (sangu) Gulkisar 1780 Erittite j invasion: r76irim" Sin 


Cilies of Sumer and Akkad. 


ey KIS Kis ki (EL-Okeimir:) ae naerie : Evme-leur-sap, 
pre ig URUK Unu(g) “ga (Warka ) Anu 4 Nana.@Ninni.4Innina. E-an-na 
APIA UR Uni my agai eS cana ee eam 
ifsprek tg AWAN Api-an Ke ( ) 
ETHIE Ha-ma Pikes ) 
be HY af | Adahis (Bumaja ) 4 Win-sun (4) . E-mah, 
my gh LE MAER Mari“ ) 
ET lui Uhu “ 
epesey |AKRADU = Agade™” cer ) | "Istar. Eul-mas . 
pees Ta |cutTium ) 
MI Isin “na ) 
HH & ERIDU Erida “ (Clbushaheetn) | 4Bn-ki.4Nun, Ea. <Damgalnunna. E-abzu 
ry ra LARSA Arar Keine Senkeroh. ) 4Utu.4Babbar _E-babbar 
peace : Ummak' (Discka ) : Sara.4Nidaba oe Pi liews 
ep Hi ELT Lagas (fella BI ining Evpalgise ptebsed epira 
SEMEL = |wireun = Nibru! —( iffer [Baur BNR eT 
Eke Keg ™ ( ) aN ah, I Nin-lud). “Min-harsag. E-mah 
pe SS Aratta* ) 
rey A Ouruppak ie (fara ) 
Aa RTT Kisurra * ( Abu hatab) 
WEIS HALLAB Zaba bu ( ) Istar. F-zj-kalamma 
red SIA Ye Kullab* ( ) 
(ay A Marad Kida (Wannet-esJo’diin)  Sar-maradda 
ar ne Fres ki ( ) 
FRE NS hat KUTHA Kotuk (Tell-Ibzahim.) “Nergal. 4 Eres kroal Paar. E-mes lam. 
ay SS ieee SIPPAR Zimbir (Abu-Habla -)  Samas "Aa." Anunit. E-babbar 
thal 4K RTS BABILU Ka-dingir® ra (Ba bil. ) "Marduk. Zarpanitu.Amal.Annunibe. E'sagil 
ey mae DILBAT (Délam ae) Sea E.ide anim[kalama] 
SP) E'LAMTU Nim | 
KT BHEL Susan Susa“ (Phush —) |" Sudinak 4nin Sadik! (Ejaanpeds. 
b— HT Sa DUPLIAS Adorn n-na ki ( ) il TiS pak : 
SA id ES ‘nun-na * 
pPEY 95k ft DER Bad- dingirk’ ( ) I Kadi 
EPEAT TE) 44] DUR-MATI. — Bad-ma-daki a 
PEE PCs DUR-GURGUBI Bad -uru du-ragar( Tell. we fea ) 
<c ag Ee . Kazallu ( ) “Nu(tigi)-mud-da 
ail & ay BIT-KARKAR Im ** 7 yh lAtremedl Renee aie apa 
Hed EH BARSIPPA Barsip : ( Et. firs | " Naba Ts gmetu Tule , Bleid: 


TRANSLATION AND COMMENTARY 
ING Sealsco 
Lists OF KINGS 


Two new fragments of the list of kings have been recovered 
among the few uncatalogued tablets in the Museum collections. 
They are of unusual importance in reconstructing the history of 
Sumer and Akkad before B.C. 3000. Their great interest lies 
in the fact that they restore the main lines of the Babylonian 
chronology as set down among Nippur scholars at the end of 
the Isin dynasty about B.C. 2000. The Greek tradition of 
Abydenos and Berosos must be traced back to 1t. They more- 
over give us new kings and dynasties, they fix for the first time 
the length of reign and succession of the kings of Akkad, and 
complete our information about the Guti and the Kings of Kis. 

Nippur standard work on chronology seems to have been a 
twelve column tablet: six on the obverse from left to right and 
six on the reverse from right to left. Column 12 1s accordingly 
the reverse of Column 1, and Column 11 1s opposed to Column 2. 
The 1o first columns are a detailed catalogue of the kings, 
dynasty by dynasty. Columns 11 and 12 sum up the total of 
kings and years for each royal city among the 11 which had in 
turn, once or more, the honor of being capital of the kingdom. 
The lower part of Column 12 1s a last total of the kings and 
years of all the 11 cities together. 

The royal canon when complete would be a most precious 
document and would help us to fix the lines of Babylonian history 
from the legendary time of the kings after the flood, down to the 
end of the Isin dynasty. We would learn the names of the kings, 
the length of their reigns, their relation of father and son, the 
dynasty to which they belong, the name of their capital, the 

(15) 


16 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION 


peculiarities of its foundation; the total of kings and years for 
each dynasty; how many dynasties successively or at intervals 
reigned in the same capital; the order of the dynasties. Unfor- 
tunately our evidence is very fragmentary. Not one tablet has 
been preserved in relative completeness. The biggest fragment 
is scarcely a half of it. Top and bottom of all columns are 
broken off, and the mangled text calls for necessary reservations. 
Before the new fragments had been recovered, even the names 
of the 11 royal cities were uncertain. We knew at the best 
that from the flood to Enlil-bani of Isin 134 kings, or 139 to 
Damiqilisu of the same dynasty, had governed the land. The 
number of years which had elapsed during the same period of 
time was figured as 28,875 or 32,243, according to the list of 134 
or 139 kings. And all attempts to supply by indirect computa- 
tion the missing portions of the text seemed fruitless and mis- 
leading, as will be proved by a study of the new fragments. 
Even the new and welcome information supplied by them 
does not blind us to the fact that absolutely reliable chronology 
is actually out of question, not only because a legendary number 
of years is attributed to the kings of the first dynasty of Kis 
(some 6, 7, 8 or 9 hundred years each), but because the texts so 
far published do not agree in all details. Whether the various 
readings have to be traced back to the old scribe or to the 
modern copyist has to be further established. One tablet 
published by A. PoEBEL attributes 125 years to the Guti dynasty, 
where we have only 124. The total number of the kings of Kis 
is read 51 by PoEBEL and 38 by Homme. And should all modern 
copies of the damaged fragments be correct, a fact has become 
more and more forcible: there was not one, but many royal 
lists, kept up to date in Nippur with each new reign, as is proved 
by the various computations of 134 and 139 kings. Various 
readings might be incorporated in the new copy, é. g., the names 
of the successors of Sargani-Sarri in PorBet No. 3 and in the 
new fragment. The common use of two languages, Sumerian 
and Akkadian, might lead to a translation of the proper names 


LEON LEGRAIN——HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 17 


and be a source of confusion. The most striking discrepancies 
are manifested by a comparison of the Nippur tradition with a 
text originating from KiS (Oheimir) and published by ScHEIL. 
Here Queen Azag-Bau is the supposed founder of the (4th?) 
dynasty of KiS, where she reigned 100 (or 14) years. Nippur 
text ignores Azag-Bau except as the mother of the first king 
BaSa-Enzu. Rival cities of Sumer and Akkad had more than 
one local tradition. The problem of parallel dynasties is one of 
the most troublesome for Babylonian chronologists. We should 
wisely refrain from forcing any new name of a king into a gap of 
the Nippur list, until it is well established that it did really 
belong to it. 

Our material for reconstructing early chronology between 
B.C. 4000 and 2000 includes the following tablets or fragments: 

Already published: 

1. CBS. 13981. Nippur fragment.! It gives the beginning 
and the end of the list of kings. Its text extends across Cols. 1, 
2,3 and 10, 11, 12. It has a total of 134 kings. 

2. CBS. 13994. Nuippur fragment.? Its text corresponds 
to portions of Cols. 1, 2 and 7, 8 (Dynasty of Akkad). 

3. CBS. 13293. Nuippur fragment.’ Its text covers por- 
tions of Cols. 1 and 12, and gives a total of 139 kings. 

4. CBS. 19797. Nippur fragment. The reverse is a cata- 
logue of the dynasties of Ur and Nisin early published by H. V. 
HILpREcHT.* The obverse has been identified by A. PoEBEL® 
with Cols. 1 and 2 of the list of kings. It is probably a late 
copy made at the time of the first dynasty of Babylon. 

5. CBS. 15365. Nippur fragment. No facsimile, but only 
a translation of the reverse has been given by PoEBEL.® FR. 
HomMEL’ claims to have been the first to identify the fragment 

+A. PoEBEL, PBS. Vol.-V, No. 2; Vol. IV, 1, p. 73. 
At POEBEL, FD? Vol.-V, No.3; Vol: LV; 1). 78. 
3 A. PogBEL, PBS. Vol. V, No. 4; Vol. IV, 1, p. 80. 
* BE. Vol. XX, 1, pl. 30, No. 47 and pl. XV. 
SiLbomy aNOss; 0 VOL 1 Vi 1. p,.52: 


SEBS Volo Veil, pol? 
In J. B. Nres, Ur Dynasty Tablets (1920), p. 205 and note 4. 


18 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION 


and to give a correct interpretation of the text. The original 
is missing, a fact much to be regretted, as the text is obviously 
a portion of Col. 11, and, if correctly copied, supplies unique 
information. A city, the name of which is lost, but is supposed 
by HommeL to have been Upi, was 6 times a capital, with [11 °] 
kings who reigned 125 years. We know only 1 kingdom of Upi 
with 6 kings who reigned 99 years. And no known city has 
been a capital so many times (Uruk 5, KiS 4, Ur 3 times). It 1s 
not easy to reconcile this evidence with the other chronological 
data. 

6. V. ScuEIL: ‘‘Les plus anciennes dynasties de Sumer et 
d’Akkad.’’ A large single column tablet, originating from Kis 
(Oheimir). Its text, parallel to Nippur list Cols. 6, 7 and 8, was, 
to the present day, the only catalogue of the dynasties of Upi, 
Ki§, Uruk, Akkad, Uruk, to the Guti invasion between B.C. 
2250 and 3000. Unfortunately the lower part of the obverse 1S 
broken off, depriving us of reliable information on the kings of 
Akkad from Sargon to Sargani-Sarri. This gap is now bridged 
over by the new fragments. 

The new fragments: 

7. CBS. 14220. Nippur fragments. The main portion 
has been published in the Museum Journal, December, 1920. 
It is the first publication of the Nippur list, Cols. 4 to 9, with a 
few signs of Cols. 3 and 10 very useful to link it up with the 
text of the fragment CBS. 13981. It does not belong to the 
same identical tablet. Their thicknesses are different. It is 
still more damaged. Top and bottom of all columns are missing. 
Its importance lies in the fact that it allows a complete survey 
of the list. The four new dynasties of KiS, Hamazi, Adad, 
Mari, complete the number of the 11 royal cities, which should 
read as follows: 


1 |t has been omitted by PoeBeL, and simply mentioned as possible 24th to 29th dynasties. 
PBS. Vol. IV, 1, p. 95. 
2 Comptes Rendus del’ Acad. des Inscript., Oct., 1911, p. 606. 


LEON LEGRAIN-——-HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 19 


Kis 4 times capital of the kingdom, 51(?) kings, 18000... years. 


Uruk © 5 times capital of the kingdom, 22 kings, 2610... years. 
Ur 3 times capital of the kingdom, 13 kings, 3096 years. 
Awan 1 timecapital of the kingdom, 3 kings, 356 years. 
Hamazi 1 time capital of the kingdom, 1 king, 7 years. 
Adab 1 time capital of the kingdom, 1 king, Qo years. 
Mari 1 timecapitalof the kingdom, 2... kings, 30... years. 
Upi 1 time capital of the kingdom, 6 kings, 09 years. 
Akkad 1 time capital of the kingdom, 12 kings, 197 years. 
Gutium 1 time capital of the kingdom, 21 kings, 124 years+4od 
Nisin 1 time capital of the kingdom, 11 kings, 159 years. 

(or 16 kings, 225% years). 
11 cities, down to Enlil baniof Isin: 134 kings, 28876 years 

(or down to Damiq ilisu of Isin: 139 kings, 32243 years). 


It is evident that the number of kings of Ki§ is too high by 
perhaps 10 units, but as we do not know the exact number of 
kings of Mari, it is better not to attempt to correct it, till an- 
other text has been found. The number of years calls for a 
higher criticism. We are faced with a well-known problem. 
How could the early kings live such a fabulous number of years? 
Or what was the length of their years? .The moon god, the lord 
of knowledge, is the first regulator of times. The reappearance 
of the new moon, its wanderings or stations across the sky 
marked the first known periods of weeks and months. We do 
not know when the solar year was first in use. A second Adar, 
or extra thirteenth month every four years, simply establishes 
the fact of a primitive cycle of 12 lunar months. The solar 
system is secondary. Babbar of Larsa was considered as the 
son of the moon god of Ur. Perhaps the first kings after the 
flood had no command of well-developed writing. A greater 
part of tradition was trusted to memory. That tradition as 
expressed in our list of kings attributes a high number of years 
to the earliest kings. We are to respect those figures, even 
when we are presently unable to account for them. Besides, 
the fragmentary condition of our documents prevents any check- 
ing of them. 


20 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION 


The four new dynasties of KiS, Hamazi, Adab and Mari take 
place in the list after Kis, Uruk, Ur, Awan, and before Upi, Kis, . 
Uruk, Agade, Guti, Ur, Isin. The new Kis dynasty may be the 
second. Such kings of KiS as Mesilim, Urzage, Lugaltarsi, 
Alzu(?) may belong to its 4 (or 6) kings. They were con- 
temporary with King Urnina of Laga’. The 3d dynasty of Kis 
is still conjectural. It must perhaps be placed before Mari and 
Upi. King Eannadu of Lagas was also king of Kis. 

The name of the king of Hamazi, is only partly preserved: 
[ J-ni-is. The length of his reign is derived from CBS. 
13981, Col. 11, toward the end. In the sum of kings and years 
for each royal city, it seems natural that Hamazi should take 
rank after Ur and Awan. The last sign of Col. 11 as preserved 
in the fragment seems likely the beginning of HA. The city is 
mentioned on a fragment of stone vase,? one of the earliest 
inscriptions of Nippur. It is a votive offering to the god Zamama, 
by Utug patesi of Kis, son of Bazuzu, who defeated Hamazi. 
Centuries later on, at the time of Gimil-Sin of Ur, Arad-Nannar? 
the powerful high minister boasted, among many titles, to be 
‘patesi of Hamasi and Ganhar. Perhaps the city has to be 
located across the Tiger toward the north-east. 

The king of Adab, Lugalanni-mu-un-du, reigned go years. 
His name has been preserved in an official document,‘ a transfer 
of land of which we possess a copy of the time of Ammizaduga. 
His authority was acknowledged in Nippur, and he bore the 
title of king of the four regions of the world. A full list of the 
patesis who were dependent from him is given, including the 
patesis of Al-Halim, Sis, Kiel, Kagalla, Amdama, and some 
more places. His goddess was probably Nin-mah. The 
city of Adab (Bismaja) had a temple, E-mah. A patesi of 


a 


1A. PoEBEL, PBS. Vol. IV, p. 129. 

2H. V. Hivprecut, OBI., Nos. 108, 109. 

3Fr. THuREAU Danain, RA. V, p. 99; VI, p. 67, 68. In the 43rd year of Dungi lived a 
patesi of Hamasi named Ur-Adad: Lancpon, Drehem No. 52; GENOUILLAC, Trouvaille, No. 69. 

4A. PoEBEL, BE. VI, 2, No. 130; p. 123, and pl. 57. 


LEON LEGRAIN—HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 2] 


Adab,* Li “Utu son of Ur’... , is known by his seal on a 
business document of the 8th year of Gimil Sin of Ur. 

Mari was a kingdom of the north-west along the Euphrates. 
An-sis’ belonged probably to a Semitic race. His reign lasted 
30 years. He was succeeded by [ ]-gi his son. 

According to ScHEIL’s tablet, the 4th (?) dynasty of Ki§, 
with its 8 kings and a total of 586 years, was founded by a woman 
Azag-Bau, who being queen reigned 100 years. The total was 
inconsistent with the detail of years of each king, and had been 
reduced by ScHEIL to 192 to match it. A new lecture? of the 
figures of years of queen Azag-Bau, 14 instead of 100, has 
further reduced the total to 106. The new fragment introduces 
into the question an entirely new element. Azag-Bau is no 
more considered as a queen reigning a certain number of years, 
but only as the mother of the first king BaSa-Enzu. His son 
and successor Ur-Zamama reigned 6 years according to ScHEIL’s 
tablet, and at least 20 according to the new fragment. Some 
more wedges might precede the two visible signs. Unfortunately 
the fragment just breaks off at that point. And the most inter- 
esting total of 7 or 8 kings is lost. 

The old Sargon, the founder of Agade, is a great figure of 
the past. His empire extended probably to the Mediterranean 
Sea. For the first time we can establish the order of his descend- 
ants and the length of their reigns. A small fragment of Cols. 7 
and 8 of CBS. 14220, recovered some months after the main 
portion, just supplies the missing link and the number of years 
of King ManisteSu. It becomes evident that King Naram-Sin, 
commonly called son of Sargon, was his son in the broad sense 
of descendant, being in reality his great-grandson. 


a 

1D. W. Myurman, BE. Vol. III, No. 13: seal. Another patesi of Adab, Habalulé, (AO. 
5485, 5494; GENOUILLAC, Trouvaille, No. 25, 71), lived probably at the sametime. The: en-en 
Adab*™! me of: Amherst tablets No. 10 belong to an earlier period of the kings of Agade. The 
patesis of Adab paid tribute to the kings of Ur: EAH. 134; EBH., p. 299, |. 16. 

2 Or “Mu§, or ISiru? 

3 PeIzER, OLZ. 1912, col. 108, 154. A. PoEBEL, ibid., 289-291. 


UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION 


iS) 
i) 


The dynasty of Agade reads as follows: 


Sargon retened :) 4). 62. eye: ei tee . 55 years 
Rimu% ‘son of Sargon reigned? 750) 22 -e e  ealS 
Mani&tesu son of Rimus reigned. ......0-.: 4225.2.) 7 Yeats 
Naram-Sin son of ManisteSu reigned. ......-... ....- 56 years 
Sargani-Sarri son of Naram-Sin reigned se wikine eee ay Cals 


Sargon was king of Kis before he founded Agade. He calls 
himself a devotee (ur) of the god Zamama,' the patron god of 
Kis, perhaps his personal god. In the same way Lugalzaggisi, 
born in Umma, calls on his patron goddess Nidaba, even when 
he is the all-powerful king of Uruk. The title of libator (qa- 
¥u-dit) may be an actual expression of the rank and function of 
Sargon in the temple of Zamama. It has a strange savour of 
the old legend of the boy brought up by Aggi the libator, the 
adopted child, growing up in the precincts of the temple and 
rising to the dignity of founder of a great empire. Jo the last 
days of Nineveh and Babylon, people never tired of reciting that 
wonderful legend. 

Soon after Sargani-Sarri the fragment CBS. 13994 has a 
computation of its own, a total of 157 years for the 5 kings, 
which is correct within one year compared with the detail of the 
new fragment. It is remarkable that it attributes only 24 years 
to Sargani-Sarri, instead of 25 of the new fragment. The only 
doubtful point, in the poor condition of our damaged fragment, is 
the number of years, 5 or 7 of king ManiSteSu. But the number 
7 seems to be required by the total given in CBS. 13994. More- 
over we have the means of controlling the correctness of the 
figures in the new fragment by the total as given in SCHEIL’S 
tablet. We read that 12 kings of Agade reigned 197 years. The 
last kings of Agade after Sargani-Sarri reigned together 39 years, 
which added to our 158 years amounts exactly to 197 of the total. 

Sargani-Sarri, according to the famous inscription’ on the 
door socket of the temple of Nippur, was the son not of Naram- 


1 Or a libator of the deified king Ur-Zamama, according to Prof. Langdon. 
* Published by H. V. Hi_precut, OBI. No. 2. 


LEON LEGRAIN—HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 23 


Sin but of Da-ti-?En-lil. How this is to be reconciled with the 
statement of the new fragment 1s not clear. 

More trouble awaits us with the immediate successors of 
Sargani-Sarri. They read as follows in the three documents: 


SCHEIL’s TABLET CBS. 13994 CBS. 14220 
A-ba-am|[ | Ma-nu-um Sarru Ma-nu-um [Sarru] 
[ | Ma-nu-um la Sarru Ma-nu-um [la Sarru] 
|-gi-gi | | |-gi-of Sarru Ir-di [ | 
I-mi-ilu _ |-mi Sarru Na-nu [um | 
Na-nu-um Sarru Na-ni-[ | Sarru [-[ 
I-lu-lu Sarru E-lu-lu Sarru [ | 
4 bi 3 mu in-ag 4 bi 3 mu in-ag [ | 


Two documents make good that 4 kings reigned together 3 years. 
They agree more or less about their names and order: Igigi, 
[mi-ilu, Na-ni-um or Na-nu-um, and Ilulu or Elulu. CBS. 13994 
insists that they were kings (Sarru), CBS. 14220 has more vari- 
ants: Ir-di | ] instead of Igigi and Imi-ilu. Was the 
scribe uncertain about the lecture of the names, or did he feel 
authorized to translate them? But what are we going to do 
with the two first lines which read Sumerian in SCHEIL’s tablet 
and good Semitic in the other fragments? Are they a short 
sentence expressing that in the general confusion nobody knew 
who was the legitimate king, or are they proper names? Manum 
was king, but not counted as king, or did not reign at all. In 
fact between Sargani-Sarri and Dudu and Su-gar-kib the last 2 
kings of Agade, we want 5 kings to make good the total of 12. 
It is too early to give a definite answer to that question which, 
after all, is only a secondary one. 

The last contribution of the new fragments concerns the 
domination of the Guti. They ruled the land 124 years and 
4o days, or 125 years and 4o days according to CBS. 13981. 
Not in vain are they called the people (ugnim, ummanu) of the 
Guti. They were tribes from the East, precursors of the Cassites 
and the Medes. They were indeed hordes without a king. Out 


24 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION 


of a total of 21 rulers we recover in full the names of the first 
four, and partly the names of 8 to_11. 


1 Imbia ruled 5 years 
2 IngiSu ruled 7 years 
3 Warlagaba ruled 6 years 
4 larlagarum ruled 3.. years 


] 
] 


Saal 
9 | J-ti 
o | 
14 

Some more Guti kings are known like Sar-a-ti-gu-bi-S1-in, 
Sarlak, Lasirab, Enrida-pizir, Sium, Arlagan.t' Their place is 
not fixed in the list. The last king was T1-ri-ga-an. 

8:,CBS,; £4223. -Acsmall fragment, ;pabteoln.o aa aemene 
reverse presents that smooth surface characteristic of a blank 
before or after a final summing of Col. 12. The fragment is 
much damaged, its reading 1s uncertain. The names otherwise 
unknown may belong to the first dynasty of Kis. In that case 
it is remarkable that the length of their reigns is unusually near 
human estimate. : 


Nov2uGBos14902 


CoLuMN | 
Te | ] Te| J 
[...] 70 mu [ni-ag] reigned [...] 70 years. 
Ba-la-gi-na nu [ |. Balaginanul. .] 
75 mu ni-ag reigned 75 years. 
Na-an gis-li-is (?)-ku? Nangi8li iSku 
[ | mu ni-ag. reigned [ ] years 


PDD OPEN tT 8 OG 0 OOO Tse ee ee” we ae toto 6 ae el a ee Se a ae 


*A. T. Cray, YOS. Vol. I, No. 13: When Arlagan was king of Guti, to Nin-gurra, mother of 
Umma, Nam-mab-ni patesi of Umma, built and restored her old temple. 


LEON LEGRAIN-—HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 


[30 mu ni-ag). 

[E-lu]-lu 

[25|-mu ni-ag. 
|Ba-lu]-lu 

[36] mu ni-ag. 

[4] lugal 

[mu-bi 120+]51 1b-ag. 
[Uri** | gik tukul ba-sig 


[.. mu] ni-ag. 

4(?) lugal 
mu-b1 3600+ 192 1b-ag 
Kik** gik tukul ba-sig 
nam-lugal-bi 
Ha-ma-zi" $% ba-tim 
Ha{-ma)-7i" a 
[ ]-ni-25 
[Jugal] am 
[.. mu] ni-ag 


Adab™ su ba-tim 
Adab" a 
Lugal-an-ni mu-un-di 
lugal am 
QO mu n1-ag 

1 lugal 
mu-b1 90 1b [ag] 
Adab™ gis tukul ba-sig 
nam-lugal-bi 
Ma-ri **% ba-tim 


Noa 1 CBS) .14220 
CoLumn III 


reigned 30 years. 
Elulu 
reigned 25 years. 
Balulu 
reigned 36 years. 
4 kings 
reigned 171 years. 
Ur was defeated by arms 


CoL_umn IV 


reigned [ | years. 
4(?) kings 

reigned 3792 years. 

Kis was defeated by arms. 

The kingdom 

passed to Hamazi 

In Hamazi 

[ |nis 

being king 

reigned [ ] years 


CoLUMN V 


passed to Adab. 
In Adab. 
Lugal anni mundu. 
being king 
reigned go years. 
1 king 
reigned oo years. 


Adab was defeated by arms. 


The kingdom 
passed to Mari. 


25 


26 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION 


Ma-ri** a 

An-sir lugal-am 

30 mu n1-ag 

[ |-gi dumu|[ | 


mu-b1 99 1b-ag. 

Upi** gis tukul ba-sig 
Nam-lugal-bi 

Kis" $4 ba-tum 

Kis a 

Ba-Sa ¢ En-zu 

dumu Azag* Ba-n ge 
lugal-am 

25 mu ni-ag 

Ur 4 Za-ma-ma 
dumu Ba-Sat En-zu ge 
[...+] 20 mu ni-ag 


{qa-Su|-di urtza-ma-ma 
lugal A-ga-dé*' 

galu A-ga-dé&' 
mu-un-da-dii-a 
lugal-am 

55 mu ni-ag 

Ri-mu-us dumu Sér-ru-ki-in 
15 mu ni-ag 
Ma-ni-15-te-Su 

[dumu Ri-| mu-us 

7 [mu ni-ag| 

Na-ra-am |" Sin] 
dumu Ma-nt1-|15-te-Su| 
50 mu ni-lag| 
Sar-ga-ni Sar-ri 


In Mari. 

Ansir being king 
reigned 30 years. 

[ |-gi son of [ ] 


CoL_uMNn VI 


reigned 99 years. 

Upi was defeated by arms 
The kingdom 

passed to Kis. 

In Kis 

BaSa-Enzu 

son of Azag-Bau 

being king 

reigned 25 years’ 
Ur-zamama 

son of BaSa-Enzu 
reigned 20 [+..] years 


CoLumn VII 


libator, devotee of Zamama, 
king of Akkad, 

who founded 

Akkad, 

being king, 

reigned 55 years. 
RimuS son of Sargon 
reigned 15 years. 
Manistesu , 

[son of Ri-|muS 
[reigned] 7 [years] 
Naram-[Sin] 

son of Mani[SteSu| 


reigned 56 years 


Sargani-Sarri 


LEON LEGRAIN-——HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 


dumu Na-ra-am *! Sin son of Naram-Sin 


25 mu ni-ag reigned 25 years 
Ma-nu-um Sar{rum| . Manum [- Sarrum] 
Ma-nu-um la {Sarrum| Manum la [Sarrum] 
Ir-di [ | | Irdi [ | 
Na-nu [um | Na-nu [um | 
I- I-| 


CoLumn VIII 


ugnim Gu|-ti-um*'] The people of Gutium 


lugal nu-ub-tug 
Im-bi-a 5 mu ni-ag 
In-gi-su 


7 mu In-ag 
Wa-ar-la-ga-ba 
6 mu in ag 


Ta-ar-la-ga-rum 
3 [+..] mu n1-ag 


aaa: | 
oneal n1-ag| 
| 
ea mu ni-ag| 
[ Mess | 
Bega: n1-ag| 
tte |-gub 
[.... mu nt-lag 
(deat |-tz 

[... mu] ni-ag 

omy ee |-an-gab 

[... mu] in-ag 
aura. | b2 


[2..] mu ni-ag 
21 lugal 


had no king 

Imbia ruled 5 years. 
Ingisu 

ruled 7 years. 
Warlagaba 

ruled 6 years 
larlagarum 

ruled 3 [...] years. 


ruled §;.'. years 
ruled’... years 
riledac. syvears 
Wider 4 eub 
ruled ... years 
ee 
ruled ... years 
een ee an-gab 
ruled ... years 
ter. bi 
ruled*; .... years 


CoLuMN |X 


ruled [2..] years 
21 kings 


28 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION 


mu-bi 124 ud 4o 124 years 40 days. 

ugnim Gutium ** The people of Gutium 

gis tukul ba-sig was defeated by arms. 

(nam-|lugal-bi The kingdom 

[ $n] ba-tum Passed tony, ae 

CoLuMN X 

(dumu Gimil-i-li-]8u [son of Gimilili]Su 

[21 mu in-lag reigned [21 years] 

[1 5-me % da]-gan [ISme-da]-gan 

(dumu I-din “| da-gan [son of Idin-|dagan 
NOsi3 27.0, 20 


THE END OF THE 3RD Ur Dynasty: IBI-SIN AND I[SBI-IRRA 


The following documents throw a new light on the events 
which marked the end of the 3rd Ur dynasty. We knew that 
Ibi-Sin, the last king of Ur, was taken prisoner to Elam, and 
the royal power passed from Ur to Isin. But we now hear that 
ISbi-irra, before being king of Isin and founder of the new 
dynasty, was a rebel supported by Elam in his fight against the 
legitimate king of Ur. Himself was not a Sumerian. And, 
worst of all, he seems to have very early extended his control 
over Nippur, where he was proclaimed true ruler, all of which 
could not be done, unless he was the effective protector of the 
famous shrine of Enlil. Ibi-Sin complains bitterly that Enlil 
has returned evil unto Sumer, given the pastorate of the land 
to an unclean dealer, and the royalty to a man who was not of 
Sumerian race. This is a new proof of the Semitic origin of the 
kings of Isin, as opposed to the Sumerian kings of Ur. 

The site of the city of Isin is not yet known. But the 
official despatch of Ibi-Sin makes clear that the Semite [Sbi-irra 
and Elam his ally, in their drive south past Nippur, will find in 
arms against them the patesi of Kazallu and the patesi of Girsu. 


LEON LEGRAIN—HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 209 


The probable location of Isin should be looked for in the region 
north of Nippur toward Babylon. Perhaps Kazallu was a 
fortress east of Girsu, guarding the passage of the Tiger in the 
region of Kut-el-Amara. BaSanumu8da would be at the head 
of the Sumerian army covering the kingdom of Ur, and cutting 
[Sbi-irra from Elam. A body of auxiliary troops is sent to him 
under the command of Nabbia for the protection of Kazallu. 
The king in person will shortly join the main forces. 

Later on we hear that a welcome help has been sent by 
Enlil to Ibi-Sin from the mounts of Martu, to counteract the 
efforts of Elam. Troops of Amurru are spreading in the land. 
Thanks to them he will hit Elam in the face and beat [8bi-irra. 
It is not certain whether the new ally or [8bi-irra himself is 
described as: “the man of Maer, the foreign delegate (sukkallu), 
acting as priest of SamaS.”’ Anyhow these are stormy days and 
[bi-Sin prays that they may pass over. 

The last document seems to explain to a certain extent the 
conditions of ISbi-irra’s revolt, and why he is called an unclean 
dealer. As an official of the king of Ur, he was probably sent 
to the city of Isin on business (kaskal). His special errand was 
to buy large quantities of barley, perhaps rations (Se-ba) for the 
troops. Documents from the time of the old Sargon mention 
exportations of grain from Agade and the region of Babylon to 
the south. Nippur standard weight was to be used, and the 
expense amounted to some 20 silver talents. At that moment, 
North Babylonia was fairly overrun with foreign bands of 
Amurru or Martu people. With their complicity or acting by 
order, [Sbi-irra forced his way into the city of Isin. Armed with 
his measure or bushel (gurru), he entered all the granaries and 
probably seized all the stored supplies. It was his first act of 
rebellion and of government. The invasion of the Martu, that 
severed regular connections with the capital, gave him a wel- 
comed opportunity. 

No. 3. CBS. 14224. Letter of Ibi-Sin to BaSa-numuSda 
patesi of Kazallu. I[Sbi-irra has revolted, and been proclaimed 


30 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION 
king in Nippur. Anyhow the king of Ur will make a stand. 
Troops are despatched to the patesi. The king himself will 
join the army. The patesi of Girsu Lugal . . . sir has received 
the same orders. Together with the patesi of Kazallu they shall 
watch ISbi-irra. Hard times are coming on Sumer. Let the 
will of the gods be accomplished. | 

The two half erased signs at the end of the letter are per- 
haps an indication of a series. 

No. 6. CBS. 14230. . The tablet is broken. But it cer- 
tainly was a copy of the previous letter, followed by 17 lines of 
the text of a new letter, addressed accordingly to the same 
BaSa-numusda patesi of Kazallu. We trace here the official 
practice of sending important documents in duplicate. Events 
were developing. A new ally, Arad-gina, perhaps a brother of 
the king, is mentioned. The text is too broken, to make clear 
whether he had a special mission near ISbi-irra. A graceful 
command was repelled. But the hopes of Ibi-Sin do not abate. 
From the mounts of Martu help is coming. He will beat Elam 
and I&bi-irra. The land will be restored to peace and order. 
So runs the letter at a time when the issue of the fight was still 
uncertain. . 

No. 9. CBS. 2272. Fragment of letter of Ibi-Sinr [Sbi- 
irra is sent to Isin on business, to buy barley. Grains were 
preserved in shafts or silos (dunnu), measured by gurru, paid 
on Nippur standard silver weight and shipped by special ma-gur 
boats. Great troops of Martu people had gathered in the land. 
Perhaps barley was stored as rations for them. 


No. 3. CBS. 14224 


OBVERSE 
a’ Ba-Sa% nu-mus-da Unto Basa-Numusda 
pa-te-si Ka-zal-lu*' patesi of Kazallu 
u-na-a-du (g) thus speaks . 
4 T-bi* Sin lugal-zu Ibi-Sin thy king: 


Na-ab-bi-a Nabbia 


LEON LEGRAIN-——-HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 31 


[nam-lerin tab-ba(?) mu-ra-ri'-a-na with his auxiliary troops which he brings 
nam-pa-te-s1 along, for the patesiate of Kazallu 
Ka-zal-lu®™ $4 mu-ra-gal | have appointed unto thee; 
ma-e tab-ba(?)nam-erin-7u dugud-da-zu myself as support. ..thy heavy troops 
IN-NU-l. . . creer 
a-na as-am [ |dim? galu-mu-e All together ..... my men, 
$1-1n-gal(?) shall be there. 
as [$-bi * ir-ra As for |Sbi-irra, 
Ugu-mMU-Su 1g1-n1 1m-ma-S1-1N-51(g) against me, he has raised his face, 
u ma-e Uu-mu-un-sub and | am to submit. 
ga-dm-gub Well, I will make a stand. 
en-na I-bi* ir-ra So long ISbi-irra, 
kur|-5u(?)|ne-in-gi-a a-rd nu ... is... backintothe mounts, solongno... 
za-e Lugal [ |-sir pa-te-si Gir-su*'ge Thyself and Lugal.. .sir patesiof Girsu 
a-na as-dm[|_ |........g4l-la all together ».'....: Deni peer 
ud-bi $4 la-ba-an-lab-gi-am unto that day not coming back. 
REVERSE 
[ | 2b(?)-gi-gi-da homey en order to-return 
a-ra mi-nt-ib-si(g)-am(?) then, overpowering him. 
i-ne-5u 4 En-lil-li Sumer Now Enlil has returned 
bul mu-un-a-gi evil unto Sumer. 
a-ha kur. .| |-ta-é-ne At the order... issuing from the 
mounts... 
nam-sib kalam-ma su | | for the pastorate of the land..... 
i-ne-u * En-lil-li Now Enlil, 
galu im Sam-Sam nu-lub-ha.... unto an unclean clay dealer... 
as [s-bi ir-ra numun Sumer-ra - unto [Sbi-irra who 1s not of 
nu-me-a Sumerian race 
nam-lugal-la mu-na-an-sum has given the royalty. 
ga-nam Sir....... na dingir-ri-e-ne Well may the.... of the gods 
Sumer-ge bhe-ba-ab-di(g) of Sumer be proclaimed, 
a-a* En-lil du (g)-ga du(g)-ga-ni May the commands of the father Enlil 
be-bi-da-aS be accomplished. 


No. 6. CBS. 14230 


OBVERSE 

[ Su|mer bul mu|- | .... has returned evil unto Sumer... 

[ |-ta-é-ne nam-sib-kalam|- ] ....1ssuingfrom ... for the pastorate 
of the land..... 


1 Alik tapputi. 


32 


[ ©¢ En-lil-|li galu-im-sam-sam 
nul | 
[§-[bi-ir-ra| numum Sumer-ra nu-me-a 


nam-lugal mu-na-an-sum. 
ga-[nam [-na dingir-ri-e-ne 
Sumer-ge be-ba-ab-du(g) 
a-a“% En-lil di(g)-ga du(g)-[ga-nt| 
he-bi-da-as 


en-na Ses { | mu-un-ri-a 


[§-b1-ir-ra | | ser-ri 
Sumer {| |-ka 
u-ba-gar | len 7é-en 
ka [ | 1-bal-e-e5-e 
galu tab-ba(?) dim uru| |-gi-na-ta 


u za-e Arad-gi-na | | [8-bi-ir-ra 
i-ne-sn inim-du(g)-ga gi-gi-dé 
[ |-dit-dii-u-zu be-n1-ib-lab-mu 


[ | ba he-ag-e-ne 


[ |-an-na(?)-Sub ugu-mu-su 
nam-ma-si-du-un |... (?)] 
galu Ma-ri* ge sukkal ur-ri nam-en-na 
“ Utu ag-e 


i-ne-%% Mar-tu kur-bi-ta 4En-lil 
a-dab-mu al-gi 
Nim™ zag mu-un-tag-gi 1 * [s-bi-ir-ra 
MU-UN-Sig-ga 
kalama ki-bi gi-gi-dé nam-kalag-ga 
kur-kur-ra he-zu-7u 


a-ma-ru-kam 7a-e nam-ba-e-ti (r)-e-ne 
en-7é-en. 


UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION 


Now Enlil unto an unclean clay 


unto [Sbi-irra, who is not of Sumerian 
race 
has given the royalty. 
Well, may the. . . of the gods 
of Sumer be proclaimed, 
may the commands of the father Enlil 
be accomplished. 


NOWisi Drolnerme eso , that he has 


brought, 

PSbEITta ne cava ee: , has removed 

SUMEeErs een 

bemplaced sxc esa « ; you are, 

Order ai.) vee Lueyelranseresscus 

Like the comipanion. the: citys... 
fran 

and thyself Aradgina......... [Sbi- 
irras 


Now, to repel a graceful command, 

... thou hadst manifested, that it — 
should be brought - 

Mees , they may have done. 


SAA WL overthrow, against me, 
may he(?) not proceed. 
the man of Maer, the hostile delegate, 
exercising the function of priest of 
Samas 
now, from the mounts of Martu En-lil 
has sent as my help, 
| shall strike Elam in front, and beat 
ISbi-irra 
In order to restore the land to its place, 
may the strength of the countries 
increase 
As for thee, may you not enter 
the storm. 


LEON LEGRAIN—HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 33 


INO; 0), GBS. 2272 


As 4I]-bi "Sin [ hWAs tor] bi-Sins 2s. 
as [s-b1-ir-ra | | ‘concerning [Sbi-irra’: . 7. 
kaskal I-si-in* na [ ] the road of Isin . 
Se Sam-Sam-ne (?) im... [ |] in order to buy barley. .... 
ki-lam Nibru™ ta-4m_ Se di-di on the base of Nippur weight, barley 
. was obtained 
20 gu ku-babbar .... ri-ne ba-gar .... amounted to 20 silver talents. 
Ka mar-tu galu kur-ra $a(g) ma-da By order of the Martu enemies, now in 
uru tu(r)-ra gur-ni tuk-dm the land, who had entered the city, 
seizing his measure, 
dun-nu dit-a-bi Sa(g) I-si-in®* na all the shafts in Isin 
ba-an-tu-ur were visited. 


a-da-al-la-bi Mar-tu...in...{ 
Sa(g) kalam-ma-s% ba-an. .| 

ukkin-gal-gal as-aS-bi im-5{i 

mu mar-tu Se-ba sig-gi nu-mu [ 


And at present, the Martu ..... 
into the land are ..... 
Great multitude together . 
The year when the Martu did not... . 
the stored rations of barley 


da) ed Ly 


ugu-mu mu-ta-ni-ib-[ Ph varanst me sa Out Oban. 

Lugal-7i 70 gur md-gir a(?).. | | Lugal-zi 70 measures by boats . 
[ | See 

ma-gur | | DOAES oa nh 


IND boe fA 22 


This half tablet is one of the few documents of the [sin 
dynasty. It is dated in the month of Simanu (June) of King 
Iterpisa, the eighth ruler since ISbi-irra, probably on the first 
year of his reign: It is an account of flour in various quantities 
distributed to officials or servants as rations or monthly salaries. 
All sorts of grains, chiefly barley (Se), were ground in the mills 
(é-ard), and the flour portioned out as food for various classes 
of workmen (Sda-gal erin). There were many qualities of flour. 
The best (77d kal) lost half of the weight of the original grain, 
or two measures of grain gave only one measure of 77d-kal. 
Less refined qualities of flour were called zid-gu, zid-gu-Sig, zid- 
gu-us. The name of the common flour not sifted at all, is -zid-e. 


1G. Reisner, Telloh, No. 102: VATh. 2268. 


34 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION 
All proper names seem to be of Semitic derivation. 


OBVERSE 


180 q. zid-%e Mas-gur-ilu-iddin,' [ttt 180 qa of Se flour to Masgur-iluiddin 


™Nannar-7u and(?) [tti-Nannarzu, 

60 q. 7id-gu Sar-apal 60 qa of gu flour to Sar-apal, 

55 qa UN annar-aSarid 55 qa to Nannar-aSarid, 

30 q. vid-gu E-ri-ib “Sin 30 qa of gu flour to Erib-Sin, 

10 q. qid-gu "'Nannar-iddin 10 qa of gu flour to Nannar-iddin 

10 q. zid-gu Gimil "Iktar(?)-te-ra-ag _—-10 qa of gu flour to Gimil-IStar-terag 
10 q. zid-gu 10 q. wid Se [Star-um-m1 10 qa of gu flour, 10 qa of Se flour to 

[Star-ummi, 
[ zid-|gu A-ki-te-ilu-itti-7u ....qa of gu flour to Akite-iluittizu, 
bi SE 7-1 -ida to ... bi-Enlilla, 
REVERSE 
ay) Star-té-ra-dg0 © ie eas ee to Gimil-|IStar-terag, 


ro q. vid-gu 10 q. vid *'Nannar aSarid 10 qa of gu flour, 10 qa of flour to 
Nannar aSarid, 


15 ga zid-gu A-bi-ia-tivm 15 qa of gu flour to Abijatum, 
20 q. cid-gu Sar-apal 20 qa of gu flour to Sar-apal, 

20 q. tid-gu Sar-apal 20 qa of gu flour to Sar-apal, 

20 q. zid-gu Pu-mas-lu 20 qa of gu flour to Pu-maslu 

itu sig-a-ka 27 kam month of Simanu, the 27th, 

mu I-te-ir-pi-Sa lugal year when IterpisSa was king. 


Nov 5.-CBS* 12570 
Frontispiece 
A SEAL GIVEN BY IBI-SIN TO- THE HIGH-PRIEST OF ENLIL.? 


The lump of clay in which this seal has been stamped, seems 
to have preserved for us a real portrait of King Ibi-Sin. 
Other portraits have been recovered during the last twenty 


years: the portrait of Hammurabi of the code-stela found at 


1 A proper name or a measure: % gur.. ? 
* Museum Journal, December, 1920 (Vol. XI, No. 4). 


ee ——————— 


LEON LEGRAIN—HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 35 


Susa, the statue of Gudea patesi of Laga’, the relief of Naram- 
Sin on his stela of victory. The newly found portrait of Ibi-Sin 
in the Nippur collections is unique in several respects. The 
lump of clay on which it appears was evidently used to seal a 
package or receptacle of some kind. The clay is black in color; 
on the underside are seen the imbedded marks made by the 
knotted strings by which the sealed packet was bound: on the 
upper surface, on each side, is the impression, very sharp and 
distinct, of the seal cylinder. Between these two seal impressions 
-are two lines of cuneiform writing. On the seal itself is an 
inscription from which we learn that the seal used was that of 
the high-priest of Enlil named Sag-Nannar-zu. We learn further 
that this seal was a present to the high-priest from Ibi-Sin 


king of Ur. 

The inscription on the seal reads as follows: 
47-bi “Sin I bi-Sin 
lugal kal-ga the mighty king 
lugal uri®’ ma the king of Ur, 
lugal an-ub-da tab-tab-ba ge the king of the four regions of the 

world 

Sag 4Nannar-7u to Sag-Nannar-zu 
sangu “En-lil-la priest of Enlil, 
arad-da-ni-ir his servant 
in-na-ba. has given in present. 


The cuneiform inscription on the clay reads: 
Ur ¢Sul-pa-é damgar son of Erin-da-an. 


This last inscription may have been the address of the parcel 
or perhaps it was the damgaru, the banker himself who sealed the 
package to prevent its unauthorized opening. We possess some 
other records of this same banker. As we shall see, his quality 
of agent or banker 1s of special interest. 

The fact that the seal used in closing the package was a 
gift from the king is an unusual and important feature, which 
together with the scene engraved makes of it a unique docu- 
ment in which we may look confidently for a portrait of Ibi-Sin, 


30 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION 


the deified king of Ur, the last of his dynasty. On the seal 
-vlinders of the Ur school, the special feature is a seated per- 
sonage wearing a turban. The identity and quality of this 
personage has remained a matter of doubt. Whether it was 
Sin the moon god or the deified king was not clear. In the new 
example the question appears to solve itself. 

A seal cylinder cut by order of the king as a gift for his 
servant (arad-da-ni-ir, in-na-ba), is a favor unheard of before 
the days of Ibi-Sin. All other royal cylinders bear witness to 
the loyalty of the high officers, servants of the king, with the 
simple words: arad-zu “thy servant.’ Whether this special 
record of the royal gift means a strengthening of the king’s 
authority is doubtful. [bi-Sin’s name portended evil. Under 
his reign the scepter passed from Ur to Isin. Was this a last 
attempt to remind independent patesis of their submission to 
the central power? Thanks to another seal impression from 
Tello, preserved in the collections at Constantinople,’ we know 
that the high intendant in Laga’, Arad-Nannar, received from 
Ibi-Sin a seal with the same inscription: arad-da-ni-1r, 1n-na-ba. 
This Arad-Nannar had been long an important personage at 
the court of Ur. Under the precedent king, Gimil-Sin, he 
already occupied the same high position in Lagas. The name 
of his father was Ur-Sulpaé, a name identical with that of our 
actual damgaru. Could it be the same man? The name indeed 
is the same but the title is different, for in this instance he 1s 
not described as a damgaru, banker, but as a high officer or 
delegate, sukkal-mab like his son Arad-Nannar. Whether he 
could be acting at times in this capacity and at other times as 
a banker (damgaru) remains to be proved. In any case we 
find that in the sixth year of Gimil-Sin, Ur-Sulpaé the damgaru 
was acting trustee for the farmers attached to the temple of the 
deified king of Ur.2. Temples of the kings of Ur, Dungi, Bur-Sin, 
and Gimil-Sin, were discovered both at Laga8 and at Nippur. 


1 MIO. Tello, No. 937. 
2 Engar 64 Gimil “Sin $4, G. REISNER, Tempelurkund. aus Telloh, No. 62. 


LEON LEGRAIN—HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 47 


The close relationship between the central power of the 
king and his representatives in neighboring towns was exem- 
plified by the use of seals with the name and full title of the 
king, together with the name and rank of his local official. A 
close examination. of the present seal impréssion will show that 
the scene represented conveys the same idea as the inscription 
recording the gift. King Ibi-Sin is undoubtedly figured as 
making a gift to the priest of Enlil or receiving an offering from 
his hands. Among the productions of the Ur school of engravers 
this seal is one of the simplest of its kind. It represents the 
introduction of a person to a seated king or deity, or more gen- 
erally a scene of adoration. Some of the details, however, set 
it apart from all other known examples, among which is the 
absence of the usual beard from the seated figure of the king. 
The seal is a masterpiece of engraving. Only the best lapidary 
in the royal city could cut a seal of such refinement and per- 
fection. The whole design including the minute inscription has 
been cut in hard material like onyx, agate or lapis lazuli, used 
for making seals in ancient Babylonia. The illustration in the 
frontispiece-showing one side of the lump of clay, is two and a 
quarter times larger than the original, so that the seal is mag- 
nified to that extent. 

The engraving shows a scene in the classical style of Ur. 
It is limited to two personages; the servant or official standing 
in front of the seated master and looking him straight in the 
eyes. The king or god, for such he is in fact, holds up grace- 
fully a small two handled cup or vase. There is a smile lurking 
on both faces. The meaning is clear, for up to the present day 
in the East, to look at somebody is a favor, to avert the face is 
a mark of disgrace. In the picture the servant stands with 
clasped hands before his seated master. The little vase filled 
with precious ointment may be symbolic of the offering received 
or of the favor granted by the god. 

We can go one step farther and identify the little vase with 
a sign of the old writing, the pronunciation of which is uncertain, 


38 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION 


but which has a clear meaning, and is a picture of such a vase. 
It is the sign for “prayer,”? REC. 316, which in its natural 
position looks exactly like the small ‘‘alabastron’’ which the 
seated god is holding in his fingers. 


VY ane 7 


Such an identification would explain satisfactorily a very 
common scene on the seal engraving, and throw a new light on 
the old Sumerian mind and manner. A truly oriental vision of 
the book of Revelation? pictures the twenty-four elders having 
“golden vials full of odors which are the prayers of the saints,” 
which they use together with harps in their worshiping. This 
is not without parallel in the Sumerian texts. In Gudea 
cylinder B, we find near the god Ningirsu, among many high 
officials, his counselor (ad-gi-gi): Lugal-sisa, his high advocate, 
who takes in hand (Su-dii), as one would take stylus and tablet, 
the “‘prayers” (nam , REC. 316) of Laga’, and intercedes® 
for the life of Gudea. Next, the seven priestesses (sal-me), 
daughters of Bau, attached to the same shrine of Ningirsu, are 
charged with a special service of vocal prayers (gi#t-de) and 
graceful intercession (nam , REC. 316, 54(g)-ga). Priests 
of intercessions are elected by sort, attached to various sanctu- 
aries, and the process was important enough to fix the name of 
the year. 


Year in which was appointed the priest of the intercessions (en nam 
—,, REC. 316) of “Dungi. 


On many other seal impressions, where similar scenes are 
represented, there is an intermediary protecting deity who leads 


1Cf. SAK. p. 154, note g, where the meaning of “prayer” is established. Nam ——, is 
often synonym of a-ra-7u. 
2V, 8. 


3 Ka-3u-gdl: to adore, to worship. 
4SAK. p. 235, h. 


LEON LEGRAIN—HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 39 


the worshiper by the hand, each of them lifting his free hand to 
his mouth in sign of adoration. Sometimes vacant spaces are 
filled with other figures: a nude attendant or two, and stars, 
crescent moon, or various symbols. In contrast to these more 
elaborate scenes, the present engraving attains nearly a Greek 
simplicity. 

Such scenes of adoration existed before the time of the 
kings of Ur and survived them. The simple fringed garment of 
the servant, the high flounced mantle of the god belong to a 
long Sumerian tradition. The last rich frilled mantle, woven 
to imitate the locks of a sheep’s fleece and identified with the 
Greek mantle kavvaxyns by L. Heusey, was reserved to gods, 
and also to deified kings. 

But the low seat covered with three rows of the same 
fringed woolen cloth is a characteristic feature of all cylinders 
cut in Ur and of those that followed the Ur school. In connec- 
tion with the turban, the new headdress of the gods, it forms a 
landmark! in the field of Babylonian art and history. From the 
earliest down to the last Chaldzan empire, a high conical head- 
dress, adorned with several pairs of horns, was the proper dress 
and crown of the gods. Very archaic seal impressions represent 
gods and goddesses bareheaded or with long, hanging hair. The 
turban is a human headdress from Gudea down to Hammurabi. 
Could it be at the same time the headdress of the gods? How 
could history account for such a change in religious tradition? 
We know that King Hammurabi belonged to the new race from 
the West, the Amurru, and that, long before him, many strangers 
from the same western region, the Martu, were established in 
Babylonia. At the time of the first dynasty of Babylon new 
figures of gods appear on the seal cylinders by the side of the 
old ones. They are standing up, armed with mace, dressed in 
a short garment reaching to the knees and wearing the turban. 
We have to look upon them as so many figures of the god Martu, 


1L. Lecralin, Cat. des cyl. ori. de la collection Louis Cugnin, p. 16-17, p. 26-27. 


40 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION 


so long as they were not identified with Adad, Ramman, Ninib’ 
or Nergal. 

The city of Ur lies on the western limits of the Babylonian 
plain. But did the kings of Ur belong to the Sumerian or 
Martu-Amurru race? They were most probably Sumerian. 
[Sbi-irra who rebelled against the king of Ur, and founded the 
kingdom of Isin, is reproached by Ibi-Sin for not being of Sume- 
rian race. But from Ur-Engur, who founded the dynasty, down 
to Ibi-Sin, who ruined it, what was the position of the rulers 
as deified kings, beside the old moon god Sin worshiped in Ur? 
Can we imagine the old moon god wearing the turban, the 
Sumerian human headdress? Gudea wore a turban, and Ningirsu 
his god had a high horned mitra. Was the turban style forced 
upon the moon god at the time when the kings of Ur were 
worshiped as gods and probably identified with himr 

It is too early to give a positive answer to all thesé questions. 
Whatever was the racial origin of the turban, once a human 
headdress, it became also a divine headdress. The custom 
prevailed at the time of the kings of Ur and in their own capital. 


The seated gods wearing turbans may represent the deified kings. 


and also Sin the patron god. Soon after the dynasty of Ur they 
certainly represent Sin as well as some more western gods 
imported at the time of the first dynasty of Babylon. 

Strong literary tradition speaks of the horns of Sin, which 
may be simply the symbol of the crescent moon and of his long, 
dark, lapis-lazuli beard. All seal cylinders and impressions of 
seals of the school of Ur represent the seated god wearing the 
turban and with a long beard hanging on his breast. Our clay 
relief is nearly the only known example -where the seated god 1s 
beardless. It cannot be a goddess. ' We have no examples of 
female figures wearing the turban. The complete statue of 
Gudea is the standard evidence of an entirely shaven man wear- 
ing the turban. The worshiper of our relief has the same shaven 
head, the same gesture of clasped hands, the same fringed 

1Nin-urta. Yale Syllab., No. 288 (YOS. 1). | 


eee —— 


LEON LEGRAIN—HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS At 


mantle as Gudea in front of his god. It will be an easy step to 
identify him with the priest of Enlil in Nippur. Last of all, 
the beardless king-god, so near to humanity, is not entirely 
shaven as would befit liturgical cleanliness. Just a lock of hair 
is playing on the forehead and on the neck. The large, set 
eyes, the high cheek bones, the curved nose, the thin lips, the 
firm and round chin complete an interesting attempt to portray 
King Ibi-Sin, the last king of Ur, with a necklace and arm-band 
as becomes his majesty. 


img eb. 1425 | 
MOmLOs DS. 14226 


Lists of temples, names of several gods of Ur, Nippur, and 
perhaps Babylon. The two fragments are duplicates of an 
original two column tablet. Among the total preserved are: 
12 temples of Nindar; 15 temples of Ninib at Nippur; 9 temples 
of Suzianna; and 14 ‘‘additions’’ (supplementary names?) to 
the temple mountain of Dungi at Ur. The list when complete 
would be a welcome historical and theological document ex- 
pounding the various aspects of one god. Suzi-anna: ‘“‘the 
brilliant one’ or the “living one’ of heaven, is certainly the 
companion (dam-banda) of Enlil,t the mother of the moon god 
Sin, the goddess Nin-lil. Among the names of her temples is 
mentioned twice the Dusagas, the famous brick tower or zig- 
gurat? of Nippur. . Nin-dar is a priest god (lugal-en); he was 
perhaps the husband of Nina, a priestess goddess, whose activity 
in the interpretation of dreams and oracles is well known.’ He 
had atemplein Girsu. Another priest god, Nin-dub, had equally 
a temple in Girsu, was called high priest of oracles of Eridu, 
had charge of the censers,’ and was holding the tablet of destiny 


1 Dam banda ‘Enlil-li ge, um-me-da *Sin-na-ge, 111 R. 67, 25 a; 68, 12-13 ¢. 
ALE E-sagas : guggurat Nipuri, Il R. 50, 6 a. 

3 Cyl. A of Gudea. 

4 Gud. Cyl. B. IV 4: 132b-mab Erida™ ka ge, na-izi ba-ni-si(g). 


42 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION 


in Gudea’s dream. The names of Nindar’s temples are not 
preserved in the fragments. 

A name of Marduk of Babylon: Silig-mulu-Sar, “ruler of 
all mankind,” in the last lines of Rev. II would suggest that the 
list included several Akkadian gods. 

More fragments of the list are known, and will supply in 
the future a correct reading of some difficult names: 


OBVERSE | 


12 é “|Nin-dar-|a 12 temples of Nindar. 


OBVERSE II 


[ | sag-ug' bu | | Papeete ote: lion head .: .. 
sag-é-ib kur-gal e | | chief temple ... great mountain .. 
en *Nin-urta® ga-ga | } the lord Ninib ... 


Suba'é ne-in-gub bdr za-gin' [ne-in-gar] splendor arising in the temple, shrine 
established as a jewel. 


15 €¢Nin-urta Nibru |*"] 15 temples of Ninib in Nippur. 
é-ga-dul-da dub-sag”... | ] temple depot and store, front of ... 
_..1d *edin ki-azag(?) ki-lam(?) ..+ of- Edin, pure place . =: 

[- ] temen-7u dit-gal-nun(?)-na .... thy foundation, great princely 
construction, 
[ ib ee PG Sth BEE hi ae hen wr pe eee old‘depote..-. 
REVERSE | 
du-sag-as | ] the dusagas .... 
tur Sa(g) .. | ] the yard inside .... 
dumu-nun kur-gal-la gi-me-ir-me-ri®> noble son of the great mount gorgeous 
4Sy-zi-an-na dam ban-da [ ] Suzianna, the companion of [Enlil], 


dit-sag-a$ Suba-é ne-in-gub bar za-gin _ Dusaga8, splendor arising in the tem- 
[ne-1n-gar]| ple, the shrine established as a jewel. 


1 Gud. Cyl. B. XIII, 23. 

2 Yale Syll., No. 288 (YOS. 1). 
3 Zimu, nd-Suba : abam nisigtt. 
4 bulalu, Br. 11804. 

5 hunnubu, V R. 19, 8 a. 


—eEeeEEeEEeEeEeEeEEeeeEeee eee oe 


LEON LEGRAIN-——HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 


to lal 1 é ¢Su-zi-an-na-ge 
Kés** en sig-alam' [ 2] 
mus Sa(g)-tur® gal-dim im-ri‘ [ 


é *Nin-bar-sag-ka ki-str-ra [ | 
Kés** Aratta™ $a(g)-7u Sa(g)-sig 


tur® Sab-il [ 


—— 


43 


9 temples of Suzianna. 
KeS lord of figures’... .. 
Serpent great builder of embryos, 
TMOIst, clay see 
temple of Nin-harsag, inclosure .... 
KeS, Aratta, increasing, decreasing, 
raising® 
the yard like a vase ... 


ug-gal 4Edin-na he-gal da-dii|® | great lion of Edin, overgrown abun- 
dance... 
bar-sag-gal ka+-x?+ka+x-ta [ | great mount, from the...... 
Sa(g) ¢mes(?) Su(?)-an-| ] inside Marduk (?)...... 
REVERSE I] | 


é-sag-ni-r1(?)-7u a-dam-ma® mulu? Sar 


ga-nun temen “Dun-gi mi-ni-ib-gal 
ga-nun-na 
[ |-Su-ul mab-di° im-gal Sub kalam 
; gal-la 
gi-ni du(g)-an-7u nam-tar-ri-ne 


é-bar-sag “Dun-gi-an-na-ge 
Suba-é ne-in-gub bar za-gin ne-in-gar 


14 dab-bu é-bar-sag “Dun-gi uri**ma 
ab-ta Se-dim ma-ra 


uru-ki ... 


.....dugud Sa(g)-ta me Su-ti 


thy chief... temple, troops of animals 


great store foundation of Dungi, great 
. of the great store, 
oe perfect, exalted (hero), south 
wind, ruining the great land, 
steady is thy divine command fixing 
destinies. _ | 
temple mount of the divine Dungi 
splendor arising in the temple, shrine 
established as a jewel. 
14 additions to the temple mount of 
Dungi in Ur. 
city. . .out of which, like grain poured 
in boat 
heavy out of which commands 
are received 


oee ee 


1 Bunnanu, nabnitu, Br. 7020, 7021: production of statues or of living beings. 


* Perhaps: si-sd : muSteSirat nabnitu. 

3 Sassuru, Saturru, Br. 8010, 8011: foetus. 
4 Im-ri-a : rusumtu. 

5 Nasa : filling. 


6 Harasu, V R. 18 c—-d 9-18: Sa alpi, $a iméri, $a Sabi, $a amiéli, $a gani. 


7 Ka+%e (tukur) or ka+sar or kat+tu? 
8 Namassu bulu, V R. 30, 24 g. 


9 Tizgaru, Br. 1056, or torrent : naballu, Br. 1057. 


44 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION 


Bair, seers temen uni-gi-7U in a ee foundation, thy firm sanctuary, 
Rk ka? Su-gi ti-e dm ma-da _.... ancient, being the wonder of 
the land, 
[ ] gal 7 si? sig-nim-ta Su-mu-  —.... . . great 7 horns, from top to 
bottom 
ni-1n-sare-ra spending blessings 


[ ] 2Silig-mulu-sar ¢.. .kal thee Mi rcuikeent 2 oe 


Rev., Col. 1, was a list of the temples, or names of temples 
of Nin-harsag or Nin-tud, the mother of the people, the goddess 
of all fecundity who moulded and created the living creature 
(bunnanu nabintu), as a sculptor would mould and shape a 
statue (alam). She was called the great lady (Nin-mab), and 
her temple in KéS, was called after her the great temple (é-map). 
From Eannatum! down to Hammurabi,°® her temple was famous. 
Her shrine’ name (dit-sag-ba) resembles very closely the name 
of Nippur ziggurat (di-sag-a¥). | Hammurabi restored her 
enclosures, and provided a rich food endowment. She had a 
temple in Girsu? and in Umma,* and was worshiped in Susa.° 
Rim-Sin the Elamite king reigning in Uruk and Larsa was . 
proclaimed legitimate ruler of Sumer in the temple of Kes, the 
temple of the great lady (Nin-mab), the foundation raised to 
heaven (temen-an-ki-bi-da). That great event was recorded in 
the list of years of the reign. | 

KeS and Aratta are mentioned in connection with the cult of 
Nin-harsag as being true symbols of purity. In the temple of 
Ningirsu, the veil hanging (? sa-lal)!! was pure like KeS and 


1 Maskanu, SAK. p. 214 d. 

2 Cf. é-pa é-ub-imin-na-ni, Gud. St. D. II, 11-12. 
® Su-sar : karabu. . 

4 Stela of Vultures: IV, 12; XVIII, 5. 
5 Code, ILI, 30-35. 

6 Stela of Vultures, XVIII, 4. 

T Gud, Sty 

8 Galu-babbar, SAK. p. 150. 

° Baxa-Suxinak, Stela lV, 10. 

SA Kiera es 7 er 

Mt Gud-“CylcAvn aw Tia. 


LEON LEGRAIN—HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 45 


Aratta. Gudea had a statue of himself carved and placed in 
the temple of Nin-harsag. His offerings mentioned in the 
inscription’ consisted in a pure basin (dub-pisdn-azag-ga) and a 
throne (g75 dur-gar mah nam-nin-ka-ni) of majesty. In later 
stone reliefs, specially on the kudurrus or boundary stones of 
the Cassite period, her emblem is a lock of hair or wig.2 But 
this identification is not quite certain. In several instances 
that W-shaped symbol is upside down,? and in one case is 
resting on a knife.4 | 
Nin-harsag is mother of gods*> and men. One name of her 
_ temple is: lion of the goddess Edin. This is another name of 
the goddess Eru’a, Er-ia; or Seru’a, the companion of Marduk, 
goddess of fecundity (bélit nabndati, muballidat),® under the 
name of Zarpanitum. 


ila. UB Sx 11339 


Fragment of legend or history, which seems to refer to the 
priest (ez) of Aratta. His words or orders are reported. Aratta 
is mentioned in Gudea texts along with Ke’. The writing of 
the name comes very close to that of Suruppak the legendary 
city of Gilgame§ and of the flood. Is kin-gi-a the name of the 
priest of Aratta or a common name for order (takaltu, taklimtum, 
urtum)? The text numbered 57 lines, was written on a two- 
columns tablet, and must have been copied several times: 


OBVERSE II 

Aar-sag gal-gal im-ma-dib-a the great mountain, which he reaches, 
sahar-ra bu-mu-na-da-nigin-e may be all surrounded with dust. 
kin-gi-a en Aratta™ ge Kin-gia, the priest of Aratta, 
u-na-a-du(g) u-ne-ne-dah commanded (and) added, 

1 Gud. St. A, II, 1-5. 

*W. J. HInKE, Boundary Stone, fig. 87, 12'®, 318, 14°, 48. A symbol of virginity according to 
‘Dr. J. B. Nigs. 

$ Ibid., fig. 304, 47°, 49°, 44°. 

4 fbtd:, fig: 117. 

Mista sat. Lit; oO, ‘ 

®Chron. P. J, 5; LEHMANN, Sama$-S-ukin, Il, p. 36-37; W. J. Hinxr, Boundary Stone, 


Pp. 222. THUREAU-DANGIN, Lettres et Contrats, p. 60. 


40 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION 


uru-ni kaskal-musen'-dun é-b1-ta his city, like the wandering bird, out 
na-an-na-ra-ab-ri(?)-en of its nest, may he not attain 

muken-dim t-ki-si(g)-ga? u3-sa-ta...[ like the bird out of its nest ... 

malba’-gal-la-dim nam-| as one become adversary ... 

urn gul-gul-la-dim | as a‘ruined city >. 

Arata | Arattaw ae 


NOs rom BoeL5 20 


Neo-Babylonian building inscription. Fragment of an 
octagonal prism. 


NoSti eGR oe14235 


Letter or historical record at the time of the 1st dynasty of 
Babylon. The fragment belongs to a large three column tablet. 
Only part of Obv. I] is preserved. 


OBVERSE II 


un-ne |.. rie 
i-li-tk gi a-pi .. | he went .... 
a-‘ar si-bu-(?)tim ub-ba-tum .. in the place of desire, a fence ..? 
mer(?)-si-a‘ i-sa-bat i-na pa-ni Sar- i... . . he holds in front of the king 
ri-1m 


f-sik-ma a-na me-sig-im> ti-la-ba-ak® _ he pressed and forced into a ring 
Sa....mi-ma 


i a-wi-lum a-di la i-na-bu and so long the man does not cease, 

u-sur 1-ra-as-S1 mi-1m-ma be watchful, he has everything, 

ma-an-nu-um mi-nam a-na-ti $a-nim nobody should give him any of those 
1-na-an-d1-15-5u things again. 

$a Sa-di-i i-te-ni-ti-ku(?) im(?)-ma- Now the mountains which happen to 
ni-15 be desert (?) 

Sa la i-Su-t Sar-ra-am u Sar-ra-tam which have no king or queen whatever 
be-ru-Su ma-an-nu-um among them, 

Su-u-ma Su-u-ma mu-su(?)-ra.... this and the next portion(?)... 


Ree er ME ae ae ee ee ee ee eee 


1 LeGRAIN, Le temps des rois d’Ur, p. 21, Nn. 3. 
2 Ginnu, Br. 6077. 

§ Mabiru, Br. 9803. 

4 Or dit-s1-a? 

> Mesukku, mezugga? 

6 Labaku, read: dur=rakdsu? 


—s. ee nee 


LEON LEGRAIN—HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 47 


No. 12: CBS. 7095 


Clay tag attached probably to a basket of official records 
or legal documents brought from Suruppak (Fara) some 33 
miles south from Nippur. The writing belongs to an early 
Sargon period. Suruppak the native city of Gilgame§ is seldom 
mentioned in later texts. The expression: ‘‘im-sar’’ written 
tablet, is found only in a few legal deeds! of the same time and 
character. Ga-dub-ba, keeper of the tablet basket, is the proper 
name of the archivist, who was commonly a scribe. 


ga-dub tablet basket 
im-sar of clay records 
dar-bu-bu which Darbubu 

ln ur-Sa(g)-ga ge the man of UrSagga 
Suruppak™ ta has brought 
mu-gub (?) from Suruppak. 


The name of the messenger Darbubu, may be read Dar- 
sir-sir, just as the temple of the goddess Bau: E sil-sir-sir,? 
might be read Dar-sir-sir. This ought to help toward a better 
understanding of the name. The only patesi of Suruppak so 
far known is Urninkurra. 


INOW LS ees Old I 


Business document of the time of the Ur dynasty, in the 
1st year of King Gimil-Sin. A great interest is attached to the 
seal impression. It is another rare figure of a seated god with- 
out a beard. By what we know of Ibi-Sin (No. 5, CBS. 12570), 
this must be intended as a portrait of the deified king of Ur. 
Gimil-Sin was the father of Ibi-Sin, and reigned only seven 
years. The name of the owner of the seal seems to confirm the 


1 Im-sar-a-bi, ki En*Nina-ka-ta im-ma-gub (Di-til-la), MIO. Tello, No. 4191; Ga im-sar 
gdl-la, RTC. No. 304, f. III, 11. Im-sar-ra-e, AO. 5477, r. 5 (RA. VIII, p. 139, 140, n. 4.) 
CTA VIb US ar 

2 At the time of Gudea . Called the place of oracles, Gud. Cyl. A, XXVI, 9. 


48 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION 


theory. It reads as a prayer or invocation to the deified king, a 
new moon god, the light of his land: 
" Gimil *' Sin nu-ur ma-ti-15-7u 
arad Gu-7a-na. 


He is led by his own personal goddess in front of the 
enthroned king god, who receives his prayers. The small cup 
or ampulla seems to materialize the offering. The standing 
goddess leading the worshiper wears a long plaited robe and the 
proper headgear of Sumerian gods, a high mitre adorned with 
several pairs of horns. It is remarkable that seated god and 
worshiper have the same simple fringed garment or shawl. The 
only difference between them is the turban of the seated king 
god and the shaven and nude head of his standing servant. 

The note reads as follows: 


1% ma-na ku-babbar 114 maneh of silver 

sig-bi 20 gun its wool (worth) is 20 talents 
ki Ur 4da-mu ta from Ur-damu, 

 Gimil * Sin nu-ur ma-ti-1f Gimil-Sin nur matiSu 

Su-ba-ti has received. 

igi Lu-Sa(g)-ga lu-Sul-7] witness: Lu Sagga the barber, 
igi Lugal “Nin-gir-su. witness: Lugal-ningirsu. 

itu mas-di ku month of Mas-du ku, 

mu “'I-bi “ Sin lugal year when Ibi-Sin was king. 


14 silver maneh is equal to 80 shekels, which gives us a 
price of 4 shekels the talent of wool. A talent weighs: 24 k. 
240 gr., and a shekel: 6 gr. 733 mgr. The proportion of silver 
to wool was almost exactly 1/900 at the time of Gimil-Sin. 


Nos14. "GBS, 14225 


This broken unbaked clay tablet is a rough copy of the 
inscription of Sargani-Sarri on the diorite door socket from 
Nippur preserved in the Museum.! Unfortunately the top is 


1OBI., No. 2. CBS. 8751. 


LEON LEGRAIN—HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 49 


missing, where we could expect to find Da-ti Enlil mentioned as 
the father of Sargani-Sarri. The new list of kings makes of him 
a son of Naram-Sin. 


Sar akkadim** king of Akkad 

ut and of 

ba-u%-la-ti the kingdom 

("| en-lil of Enlil; 

[ba]-dim builder of 

[é]-kur ekur, 

[é]"" en-lil the temple of Enlil 
in Nippurim™ at Nippur 


[Sa] duppam 


[sa]-a 


Whoever shall 
change this 


[u]-sa-za-ku-ni tablet, 
i En-lil may Enlil 
u and 
iu Samak Samas 
[25dél-su [destroy] 
his foundation 
and ruin 


eda. 


{his posterity]. 


The end of the tablet shows clearly that the length of the 
broken portion must not exceed 2 or 3 lines. The actual men- 
tion of Dati Enlil would require more room and seems doubtful. 


ING) Te Choe eby, 


Historical fragment. King Sargon (Sar-ru-gi), founder of 
the dynasty and city of Agade, is quoted as having received the 
kingdom from Enlil. A short note concerning the temple of 
Nippur confirms the result of the excavations, viz., that it was 
adjoining the quay, or more properly the great boats of the quay. 


OBVERSE | 
Sag-ki-gid-da' “En-lil-la ge The splendor of Enlil, 


‘na’ru, nikilmi, Br. 3650, 3051: Aspect showing at a long distance. 


50 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION 


Kis** gu(d)-an-na-dim i im-u(g)-ga-ta_ is like KiS the heavenly bull towering 
above the dust of the dead; 
é ki unti®* gu(d)-mab-dim sabar-ra __ the temple is like Uruk the great bull 


mi-ni-1b-gaz-ne (?) treading down the earth, 
[ }-bi Sar-ru-gi lugal a-ga-dé*' ra ..... unto Sargon, king of Akkad 
[ J-elam 34 ¢En-lil-li ==. towards Elam, Enlil, 
[ ] nam-lugal mu-na-an-sum-ma-ta ..... the kingdom, since he has given 
unto him, 
[ al-ga-de™ e(?) dingir-ri .... soe AkKadje 7 Ol.the;codsens 


REVERSE II 


[ | kar-ra. .[ 

[ |-bz e dim [ Bar| 
[ |-b2-20' dim selina eee eae 
dub-b1 de tuk | 


nig-ga uru bul-a {dim ’ like the goods of a ruined city ..... 
é-e ma-gal-gal kar-ri | the temple to the great boats of the 
MCU eee ee 
é ¢En-lil-lé ge md-gal-gal kar-ri the temple of Enlil, to the great boats 
ba-an-us of the quay is adjoining. 


The tablet had two columns on the obv. and two on the rev. 


Nori74 CBSi4226 


Fragment of a religious historical hymn(?). Sippar, Sumer 
and Akkad are mentioned on the obverse. 


REVERSE 
uru im-gul-la-as bad | in the city, the devastating wind, the 
walle. 4 

uru-ki nt1-st | the city +... 
numun 71(d) sag-lul-la dui(g) [| pure seed, head of destruction .... 

Su-bal mi-ni-ib-ag(?) [ achieving a complete inimity ... 
ln Su-bi-tak-ki' ni-ag [ who a perfect adorning ... 

sag ni-sal-sal*-e | anointing the head ... 


a a rea a ee fn AE i eee 
1 lapatu, 7u’unu. 

_ *sal ... d&(g), Gud. Cyl. A, VI; sal ba-ni-ib-e-ne, Gud. Cyl. A, XXII. Perhaps: kunnt, 

taknitu. 


LEON LEGRAIN—HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 51 


d-gi(g)-ba' im-a igi-mu-ni-ib-bir?(?) [ At evening he clouds the eyes in dark- 
| ness 
1g1-lul> ni-ag-[ a ruin of the eyes, he causes .. : 
ki-na(d) dur-gar kalag-ga x i-li ne-in-[ the bed, the resting place of Virility 
and vigor is .... 


uru-kt im-nigi(n) ne-[ thecity, thewindsalltogetherare.... 
]-ne Su-ne-ne ba-di-ni Xa (2) Pe their hands, his founding, in the 
ni-ag-[ battle ... 
[ |-mu-tim mé-ki me-Sii-tag-ga .... brought, in the battle, may the 
ba-ba-ab-[ leader .. 
[ ] 4en-lil-ld-ge be-ne-ib-[ tis... of Enlil, may he ... 
[ ]-lum-bi-5% ba-[ a Oecd eee 


EASE RTD he ETDS ESI we SO OR Ce AO ts ee Aner ee ee 


No. 18. CBS. 14181 
VOTIVE CONE OF ARAD-SIN 


The present cone is a duplicate of the cone published by 
PeeeGLAYatnny OS. 1, No. 31. + It was acquired from dealers 
in New York, and originates from Uruk (Warka). It has 
several variants, which prove that the scribes were dealing freely 

with the text. 


1 *Ninni : To Innina, 
nin ni-gal ghr-ru the great awe inspiring lady, 
151b Sar-ra tab-ba interpreter of the twin universe,‘ 
dumu-gal “En-7u-na eldest daughter of Sin, 

5 nin-a-ni-ir his lady, 
warad * Sin - Arad-Sin 
nun Se-ga Nibru** the favorite prince of Nippur, 
t-a uri*®* ma providing to the wants of Ur, 
sag-li-tar gir-su** care taking of Girsu 


1LecRAIN, Le temps des rois d’Ur, p. 42. Cf. tamba, tambata, and stela of BaSa¥u3inak, 
"AK. p. 178 d, II, 19. 
* adaru, Br. 9371. Paldsu, Br. 8499. 
3 Sarru, SagaStu. 
* Etillit Samé u irsitim. Cf. Lugalzaggisi, OBI. 87, 1, 6: i$ib-an-na— and *Nin-Subur, i$ib 
*g-ga an-kt (or an-na?), Coll. de Clercq, No. 255. 


52 


10 


15 


20 


2) 


UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION 


ki lagas* a 
é-babbar-da ni-te(g)-ga 
lugal arar** ma 

lugal ki-en-gi ki-urt 
dun a-ag-ga ur-tr' 
gis-bar Su-du-du* 
é-dingir-ri-e-ne 
Su-gibil ne-in-ag 
urudu-alam-gal-gal 
mu-pa(d)-da nam-lugal-la-ka-na 
gal-bi ne-in-lab-ga 
uru Sub-Sub-ba-bt 
bdd-bi mu-dit-a 

ma-da damal-la-na 
uku-ne ha-ne-in-dir-a 
ni-tuk $a(g)-ka-gal 


erin Su-a-gi-gi-a me-en. 
gis-tig-pi damal 
kin-da-ri dim-me-ne 

dF n-ki-ge ma-an-sum-ma 
nam-bi-sn 4Ninnt nin-ma 


ka Sa(g)-5a(g)*-gi-da-ma 
é ni-tug-na 

ki-dur im-dub-bu4 
Sa(g)-bul-la-ka-ni 
1g1-du-u-ne 

Sa(g)-b1 keS(da)-si(g) 
diri(g) ud-b1-da-ka 

é Su-si(g)-ga-b1° 
u-mu-damal 

ud-ul-su 

nam-mu-su hu-mu-dit 


in the city of Lagas, 


worshiping in the temple of Babbar, 


king of Larsa, 

king of Sumer and Akkad, 

the noble collector of oracles 
who achieved the inclosure; 
restored the 

temple of the gods; 

let enormous copper statues 
named after his majesty 

be brought along in great style; 
restoring the wall 

of the ruined city; 

in her large land 

in order that people might settle down, 
the terrible overthrower 


I] 


who repels the enemy, am I. 

Having received from Ea, 

a wide understanding 

to accomplish lasting works, 

in accord with the order of Innina my 
lady, 

and my own prayers, 

her awe inspiring shrine, 

dwelling of peaceful rest, 

where her heart rejoices, 

a wonder for the eyes, 

inside | fully adjusted, 

(and) more than in former days, 

the surrounding temple 

I enlarged. 

For future days, 

to my fame | did build. 


ki-dur ki-dg-ga-nt. 


il 4 A - v . . . . 
1" Star ... béltt Surbutu, bhamemat paras “4numtu, and: Ninni, nin an-ki ge, . 


Rim-Sin (SAK. p. 218, d) é d-dg-ga-kili(b) uir-tir. 


4 


A-dg-ga: taklimtu, tértu. 


.. € me-tr-ur, 


2 MuSaklil usurati. Cf. Cyl. of Sargon, YOS. I, No. 38, Col. II, 6: usteSira usurdtt. 


3 Suppu, téméqu, Br. 719, 720. 
4 Pasdbu, nibtu, Br. 8457, 8458. 


5 Rim-Sin (SAK. p. 218, d): é Su-si(g)-ga-bi. 


ee ee ee 


— +) thera a ok 


LEON LEGRAIN—HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 53 


sag-bi mu-ni-il Its head | reared high, 
har-sag-dim hu-mu-sar like a mountain | did raise. 
n1g-ag-ag-da-ne-e-5u Upon all these doings 
20 4Ninni nin-mu may Innana, my lady 
ba-mu-Si-hul rejoice. 
ud-gid-du mu-be-gal-la Length of days, abundance of years, 
as-te subus-gi-na a throne firmly established, 
pa uku gam-gam a scepter subduing the people 
25 sag-e ha-ma-ni-in-pa-tug-du may she as a gift bestow upon me. 


The power of Arad-Sin did not extend beyond Nippur, Ur, 
Lagas and Larsa. The still-existing kingdom of Isin must be 
located north of Nippur, next to the more recent kingdom of 
Babylon. 

Innina, the lady of Uruk, the eldest daughter of Sin, had a 
shrine of her own! within the great temple complex of Uruk 
é-an-na. She is distinct from Na-na-a, another personification 
of the brilliant starry heaven, queen of Uruk, whose shrine was 
named? é hi-li-an-na. Innina and Babbar are daughter and 
son of the moon god Sin, whereas Nan4@ is only daughter of 
Anu.’ Another daughter of Anu: “Nin-in-si-na emphasizes the 
character of creatrice of life and mother of the land. She may 
be identical to Nana, but her temple bore the significant name 
of “temple of the plant of life.’’® ‘Nin-an-sf-an-na® is another 
name of Innina, who was worshiped outside of Uruk, in Hallab? 
under the name of Ninni Zababu"™, eldest daughter of the moon 
god. 

Whatever may have been the position and importance of 
Anu, the father of the gods,’ as founder of the main temple of 
Uruk: é-an-na, the leading réle very soon was claimed by Innina 


1 é-nir-gal-an-na, Esarhaddon, YOS. I, No. 41. 

2 YOS. I, No. 40: bit papah “Nand. 

3 Nin 1-li Se-ir-ka an-di; dumu 7i-li an-gal-la. Inscriptions of Rim-Sin. 

4 Nin-gal, ama kalama, 71-gdl kalam dim-dim-me; Arad-Sin, stone tablet. 

5 E-4-nam-ti (l)-la. Ibid. 

6 Bur-Sin, stone tablet. 

7 Inscription of Arad-Sin. 

8 Brick of Ur-Engur. While Enlil is always: Jugal kur-kur-ra: bél matati. 


54 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION 


or Nana the [Star of Uruk. From Ur-Engur down to Esar- 
haddon of Assyria all building inscriptions are concerned with 
repairs or enlargements of the temple é-anna, of the beloved 
shrine of Innina. Anu is mentioned in a casual way, as the 
consort of Nana: bit * Anum t Antum.! 


No. 19. CBS. 8255 


Provision of barley brought down as salary and transferred 
to Sama§ “‘to rejoice his heart.’”’ —Two men witnessed the trans- 
action that took place on the 11th of Simanu, the 28th year of 
Samsuiluna, son and successor of Hammurabi. 


1 Xe gur igi 10 gal 1 gur of barley+> of gur 
Ugu Su-ra?-du-lu property of Suradulu(?) 
4Babbar in-tuk to Sama§ is transferred, 
mu-tim a-ka a deposit from salary 

Sa(g) ¢Babbar in which the heart of Sama’ 
ne-ib-du(g)-gi rejoices. 

igi *'Da-mu-e-ri-ba-am witness Damu-eribam 

igi *'En-lil-mu-ba-li-it-ta-ki witness Enlil-muballitaki 
itu sig-a ud 11 kam month of Simanu, the 11th, 
mu Sa-am-su-i-lu-na lugal year when King Samsuiluna, 
G-ag-ga *En-lil-ld-ta by the oracle of Enlil. 


NO: 20) 2G BSetAo34 


Liturgy of the moon god, Sin-Nannar of Ur. Fragment of a 
large two column tablet. Only part of Rev., Col. 1, 1s preserved 
to some extent. 


é kis-Sir-gél nam-lugal-la-mu E-kisSirgal, temple of my royalty, 
é 7i(d) é-ir-e-mu di-ni-tum gar-ra-mu my temple of life, and lamentation, 
my place of judgment. 


No! 21-53 @BSs12700 


Historical religious fragment mentioning Libit-i8tar, 5th 
king of Isin. 


1 Inscription of Seleucides, 244 B.C. YOS. I, No. 52. 


——— 


LEON LEGRAIN—HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 55 


PP eee a hee Pe ee Bie Ph me) ge aha 


[ |-nz sag-[ rotates ta Uni weap erty. 

fi ATOR CAM 2 9 Te crn aera 

[ ] unu* $4 Suku dingir-ri [ to Uruk (?) food offerings of the gods... 
é-kur-ta nam-ti (1) [ from Ekur, for the life .... 
zi-Sa(g)-gal uru-ni [ the existence, his city .... 

4] 7-bi-it-iStar [ Libit-iStar .... 

lugal-mé-s% dur-kur-[ _ for the king of the battle ... 
da-da-ra' nam-bul-| splendor, joy .... 

gir-ur-ra_ igi-[ sheathed sword ... 

mé a-nim-dim 4-[ like the battle of Anu(?).... 

il-gi-na pi-ki | the titniee. ot 

dag sag-kal? dag-[ the chief (mace?) stone, the stone ... 
su-e-ib-ur* igi-| the shield ... 


[ |sag-sig-ga sag | Pee racer ul head e2, 


No. 22. CBS. 14233 
Fragment of school tablet. Obverse had only one column 
“to be copied” on the adjoining blank. It is a literary text. 
The reverse had a list of square roots preserved at least up to 37 
under the common formula: 


1 e 1 ib-di; 4 e 2 ib-di; 9 e 3 ib-di, etc. 


OBVERSE 
dug 4-sag-ga* mu-il [ the vessel on his head he carried [ 
4Suruppak® ud... ta... [ the god of Suruppak ... 
é *Suruppak di (g)-ne ba-ra-il [ the temple of the god of Suruppak, its 
commands do not stand ... 
ab-ku-itu el-i-um to be copied above. 


No. 23. CBS, 12735 + 12736 


Historical and religious document. Just the names of 
“Nin-Sun and of Ur ‘Engur are clear enough in the much- 
eer entre SABE Mate eh Ne ar ce Os ane Day) Miki gx 


1 Ninbutu, Br. 6677. 

* ASaridu, kattillu, Br. 3619, 3620. 

3 Kabdabu, Br. 210. 

* Dug sag-ga, SAI. 2288; MIO. Tello, No. 892, VII. 25. Dug d-ne-tim, ibid. 
° A title of Marduk, Br. 223, 224. 


50 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION 


damaged text. The two fragments belong to a four sided prism, 
which had two columns on each face (A, B,C... ). The 
prism was bored from top to bottom and was probably kept 
revolving round a horizontal stick or rod, like a seal cylinder. 
Apparently the document had to be read frequently, and per- 
haps was a record of a rich endowment. 

One year of the reign of King Ur-Engur is dated from the 
foundation of the temple of Nin-Sun.!. The goddess is called 
the mother of Gudea of Laga’? and later on, of Sin-gaSid king 
of Uruk.’ She is closely associated with “Lugal-banda.* Both 
of them were certainly worshiped in Uruk,® where they probably 
had their proper shrine in the large temple E-an-na. _ Priests® 
were attached to the cult of Nin-sun. Fields insured’ her 
revenues. <A fragment of limestone object® with a square hole 
cut in the center, has preserved the name of one of her temples: 
é uru-azag-ga, perhaps in Lagas. 

It is interesting to note that in the present fragment, as in 
the now complete text® of Libit-iStar, Nin-sun is called the pure 
lady: nin-zi(d) and nin-sun-71(d). 

Attention has been called by Fr. THUREAU-DANGIN” to the 
fact that both are synonyms of Ninsun: “the wild cow” 
(rimtum). A priest was attached to her in that quality: en- 
nin-sun-71(d). His functions were those of the “asippu”’ reading 
the signs and interpreting the omina, the will of the gods. The 
shrine itself where the various scenes of the cult were enacted, 
was called: é-g1(g)-par. 

1 SAK. p. 228, c). 

2 SAK. p. 140, XXIII, 109. 

8 SAK? pra202a)s)222rc). 

4 SAK. p. 222, c); De CLercg, Cat., No. 151, 252: arqd “7 ugal-banda uu *Nin-sun. 

5 Lancpon, SBP. 154, No. 1; Drebem, p. 23, No. 2. Offerings of Ur-Engur to 4N in-[sun?] 
CBS. 4560 (PBS. X?). CT. X, 20, Col. II, 14. And SAK. p. 222, c) é kankal é ki-dur Sa(g)- 
bul-la-ka-ne-ne. 

6 Ur-bau, sangu *Ninsun, on aseal, MIO. Tello, 2730. Pasangu *Ninsun, RTC. 264, 1, Lb, 

7 Se a-sa(g) Ninsun é igi-il ta, CT. X, 20, Col. II, 14-17. G. Reisner, Tello, 95, Col. 

] 
ae FL Ceay, 1 OS 1eNow zo. 


® Clay cone of Libit-iStar, SAK. p. 205, and A. T. Cray, YOS. I, No. 27. 
10 SAK. p. 204, k) quoting SBH. No. 56, Rev. 13-18. 


LEON LEGRAIN—HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS bite 


Whatever may have been the origin and importance of the 
ziggurat, the stage tower, of the great temple complex, the 
gi(g)-par, or é gi(g)-par,! was the shrine, the house of the god 
(é; ki-duir; kummielli). It had cedar door (g15-gal, erin, 
elammaqu), and a statue of the god (alam) in cedar wood and 
bronze, fixed on the precious pavement (kisal; usSum lalu), in 
the heart of the temple, the place of oracles (me-ta é-€-ge: ina 
terétz biti). In the ground underneath was buried the foundation 
document (temenu). The shrine itself (parakku) was surrounded 
by several courts and store places (usurdte). Priest or priestess 
had a dormitory adjoining to it (majalum). Food offerings 
formed a regular income (sattukku). A large endowment in- 
cluded fields, orchards, servants and cattle (eqlé, kivéti, aStapirt, 
alpé u sent). 

The proper function of the priest or priestess (en, nin- 
dingir-ra; paras enitt) called for registration and interpretation 
of all signs and oracles (ina Sibir aSiputim). The daughter of 
Nabonidus was priestess for her lifetime. All titulars of such 
functions were elected by sort (mas-e pa(d)-da). The kings? 
dated many years of their reign by such solemn investitures. 

Location and name of the proper shrine of the gods is very 
important, and will throw a welcome light on the origin of 
Babylonian or Sumero-Akkadian religion. The stage towers 
and their ponderous mass have too long drawn the main atten- 
tion. All their names agree on one point; they were: ‘‘mountain 
towers’’ (é-kur; é barsag), and like mountains, playing their part 
of support and foundation of heavens (temen-ni-il). But the 
shrine, where the statue was enthroned,’ and oracles delivered, 


1A. T. Cray, YOS. I, No. 27: text of Libit-i8tar; No. 36: text of Anam, king of Uruk; 
No. 45: text of Nabonidus. On the giparu, cf. CLay, YOS. I, p. 66. 

2 Perhaps YOS. I, No. 27 should read: Libit-iStar, king of Isin, desire of the heart of Innina, 
a giparu, for the priest (ew) of nin-sun-zi(d), the priest of Nin-ezen in Ur, the pure seer of 
4Nin-é-ni-ga, the orderer of purification, in the house of vessels, for ArazuniSd-gubba (a proper 
name? “Standing up for his prayer’), his beloved son, the day when justice was established in 
Sumer and Akkad, in the city of Ur, he built it. 

3 [lant maSal matisu, ina parakkisunu idki ma ... (Mardukapaliddin). Cf. Statue of 
Marduk, KB. III, p. 140. 


58 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM——-BABYLONIAN SECTION 


was built on the court level next to the tower. Now, which of 
the two, tower or shrine, was the earliest foundation and place 
of cult? Which are their racial origin and meaning? This is 
actually beyond the question. The great towers reached only 
by degree that enormous mass. We have no evidence that 
they were at first the tombs of the god. The gods were wor- 
shiped as living kings, not as dead beings. Sacrifices were 
offerings of food and drinks. Sacrifices once over, prayers were 
addressed to them. On New Year’s eve the ruling king held the 
hand of the god in token of special investiture. | 

Assuredly the Greek tradition knows the rados, or tomb of 
Bél. But nothing proves that the word means the stage tower. 
Most likely it is a translation of another word for shrine: 
gigunu, which next to giparu calls for some remarks. Both of 
them are composed with the word gz: reed, and mean a reed 
construction, a hut, a shrine, perhaps a tomb. Reeds are the 
natural outgrowth of a marsh land, where they would be used 
for mats and partitions. The creation story pictures at the 
beginning of things a time when no reed-mat (gzparu)! had been 
woven or twisted. Gigunt has been identified with cemetery, 
tomb, grave, but in the days of Gudea,” or Rim-Sin,? gigund@ is a 
shrine, a beloved dwelling of the god, built in cedar wood, inside 
Sa(g) the great temple. | 

Giguni means just the great reed house. Unu, or gunu the 
latter part of the word, is the picture of an older sort of house, 
AB or ES, with slanting sides and conic top, half way between 


1TV R. 35/36. Giparu between bitate and agurri in Rec. de Trav. XX, p. 46,1. 17. Why 
Fr. MARTIN T.R., p. 6, n. 10, makes of it a “temple a étages” is not clear. It is a house, within 
the great temple complex, where the priest would perform his functions in front of his god: 
é-an-na, é gig-par azag-ga; nam-en-na-ba, CBS. 4577 (LANGDON, PBS. X, 2). Gudea (Cyl. A) 
in temple Baga, or the temple of his mother Gatumdug, first enters the place (ki-na(d) .. bagin), 
offers sacrifice and libation (nig gi’-ne-Sum; a-Sé ni-de), then goes to the statue (..ra mu-na-gin), 
prays (sub mu-na-tim) and his prayer is granted. All statues of gods are “introduced” into 
the house. 

2 Statue B, V, 18-20; D. II, 9-10. 

* Arad-Sin, VAB. p. 214, e); Rim-Sin, CT. XXI, 32: 91144, Col. II. Cf. RA. VII, 109, 3. 
PocGnon, Bap. p. 56. 


LEON LEGRAIN—HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 59 


SU the leather tent and URU the city. E and E-GAL temple. 
and palace are more comprehensive words. ES is properly the 
shrine, the covered house, the beloved dwelling place, where the 
heart of the god rejoices. There he has his bed (ki-nad)' and 
his throne. His major-domo lz é-du(g) 1s waiting upon him. 
His chief adviser (ad-gi-gi) brings in all requests; his high 
minister (sukkallu) transmits outside his orders. The oldest 
Inscriptions know many of those shrines: é& Girsu;? é§ Dug-ru;3 
é5 gi-tir;* 68 é-ninnu.® Proper names recall the function of the 
priestess: nin-isib é3-ta; nin é8-azag-ga.° Mention of a reed 
shrine is found in the old inscription of Entemena? é5-g1 
“Ningirsu and é§-gi gi-ka-na “Ningirsu, which seems much like 
the gzparu shrine, é§ gig-par® of a more recent text. 

Gi-ka-na, which may be read: gi-git-na, is another puzzling 
term for shrine. In the inscription of Entemena, it is clearly in 
connection with the reed shrine of Ningirsu. There were others, 
gi-ka-na, of Nina,? Nin-mah," Enki," Nin-harsag.’ They prob- 
ably stood up in the midst of a sacred erove. 

Assuredly the gigunt was a sacred place, pure like the abzu,* 
the shrine(?) of Enki. To what extent this points toward the 
grave and the nether world is uncertain. Urukagina inscriptions 
make clear that there were two ways of burying people: in 
regular tombs (ki-mab), or to place him (? #-gub) on the reeds 
of Enki, which perhaps means burning him at the stake. In 


a pn a Fe ee 


1 Gudea, Cyl. B. 
? Ur-nina, c), II (SAK. p. 4). 
* Entemena, a) II, 7. (SAK. p. 30.) 
4Ur-Bau, V, 11. 
Gudea, CyioAnVill. a2 XXIT..8. 
-®G. Reisner, Tellob, 150, 158 pass. 
TSAK, p. 32, 36, b) and 1). 
8 CBS. 4577, Lancpon, PBS. X, 2. 
mEniemena, ayer, sl, 5. 
0 TSA. LXI; Ruine de LagaS in Nouv. Fouilles de Tello, Pp. 47: gi-ka-na “Nin-mab tir-azag- 
ga-ha-ka. THUREAU-Danain, RA. VI, p. 26, 30, n. 11. 
PAUSSEV SO LAL obvi lls RTC, J iy ff iced Ba 
'* Entemena, a) V, 3-4: gt-ka-na tir-azag-ga : the shrine of the sacred grove. 
3 Gud. Cyl. A, XXIV, 20. 


60 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION 


this latter case provisions are made for three sorts of people 
interested in the funerals. The priestess! is one of them (nzn- 
dingir-ri). But we cannot infer that the shrine was the proper 
burying ground, or owed its origin to such a practice. 


Noi 244) CB5S7iri23 


Pre-Sargonic document of comptability. It is dated on 
the “bal’’—year of reign or of some minor charge—of Ka-ni- 
zi(d).2. At the time of Dungi, of Ur, “bal” seems to cover the 
space of a month.° 


galu which the 
gan-Sam field surveyor 
si(g)-si(g)-ga*(?) has determined. 
bal At the time 
Ka-ni-71(d) of Kanizi. 


ING. 2 5.4 Ce oe tio et 


Fragment of historical inscription. Franchise granted to 
the city of Ur. 


Tete 3 Inusku-ra(?) ... for Nusku, 

uri® $4 in-da-tum was brought along to Ur; 
uri®* ma In Ur 

dusSu-ne the badges of slavery® 
in-gi he abolished; 
(djun(?)-a-dur’-ne the digging .... 


1 In Gilgame’ poem we find Rimat-Bélit, the mother of GilgameS acting as a priestess of 
Nin-sun at Uruk, and interpreting signs and dreams (mudat kalama idi). At sunrise she will 
pile up incense on charcoal (qutrinna ixkun), place offerings on the altar (Surga iSkun), and lift 
her hands in prayer toward the east (7va mabar Samas idesa 1%81). Tablet III, Col. 1a, 14-16; 
Il a,8-10. Cf. Le sit Sam¥i de Silhak-in-SuSinak, Rec. de. Trav. XXXI, p. 41. Gilgame presents 
the god Lugal-banda, with the big horn of the heavenly byll (ana piSSati 1liSu), Tablet VI, 192. 

2 SAK. p. 224, tablets from Suruppak, b). 

3 LEGRAIN, Le temps des rois d’Ur, p. 7. 

4 Se-si(g)-ga, Urukagina, h), XII. 

5 The reed corb carried on the head, the sign of compulsory work. 

6 Hirt $a irsiti. Nam-umun dun-a, CT. X, 31, Col. VI, 25. Nam-buru dun-a and nam-buru 
nu-dun-a, REISNER, Tellob, 129, Col. II, 8-26. Buru, Br. 8632: measure bushels of Se in the 
granary (kalakku). Dun “Ba-t-ka-me, Hussey, ST. No. 26, r. II. The chief: a-dun-a, ibid. 
No. 21, r. V. A-dur-mu, Gudea, Cyl. A. X, 1, 11. 


LEON LEGRAIN—HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 61 


No. 26. CBS. 8358 


Historical building inscription. Nin-din-t (g)-ga the Sume- 
rian IStar, in whom both characters of Bau, and Innana! are 
combined, is here called the great diviner (asipu)? of Enlil. 
But the Sumerian name is more exact and means the one who 
plants, grows, prepares any magical herbs and knows the crafty 
receipts of oils, pastes and balsams. She is physician just as 
much as diviner. She is the lady who revives all dead (muballit 
mititt ). 

Her proper temple, her great temple in Nippur,® near Enlil, 
is called é a-mer-azag; the temple of the shining crown. The 
temple of Ningirsu at LagaS had a construction of the same 
name: é-a-mer-bar-bar,* which stood up like a mountain of lapis 
lazuli between heaven and earth. This description would be 
very fitting for a stage tower. F-banda-ka, which means the 
house of the young ones, is very likely the name of the temple 
builder. It can hardly be considered as expressing that the 
great temple, é-a-mer-azag, was towering over the smaller temple 
of Enlil. 

The tablet may have been a record of several votive in- 
scriptions. 


OBVERSE 

“Nin-din-u(g)-ga To Nin-dinugga, 
nin-sim-Sar-gal the great enchantress 

4FEn-lil-la ra of Enlil, 
é-a-mer-azag the temple of the brilliant crown, 
é-ni gu-la her great temple 
4Fn-lil-la-ka of Enlil (= Nippur?) 
é-dumu-ka Edumu-ka 
mu-na-ni-dii has built for her. 
Sim-erin gal-gal Cedar oil in abundance, 


[ le nin-ki-ib. Mee rear a eae 


1 THUREAU-DANGIN, Fragt. d’hymne, Nouv. Fouilles de Tello, p. 200. Cf. ir-sem-ma, VR. 
52, No. 1, IV, 15. OBI. No. 95, 106, 111. 

Aap Gee 

af “Nin-din-ti(g)-ga Sa(g) é “Nin-lil-ld, Lecrain, Le temps des rois d’ Ur, No. 293, 339, 371. 

* Gud. Cyl. A. XXV, 12-13. 


62 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION 


REVERSE | 
ur ur 
lugal king 
dF y-lil-li of Enlil, 
ki-dg | beloved place 
REVERSE II] 
[ ].. a-kam of sucha... 
sagsu helmet 
an-gub-ba 7 brought up 7. 


Nog277 obo no4e4 


This must be one of the earliest dated pre-Sargonic docu- 
ments. The ruin of Maer must be contemporary of the founda- 
tion of Upi by Unzi. (Cf. No.1.) _ 


OBVERSE | 
ai aMar-Sala|\ Pes. we ee ea eee tee heifers © 
[ |-bal-a 
| |-n2 one 

. amar-sal-pes ad-lal _. mature heifers 

Pe Cel A Soom aD He 
.. 4 amar-sal-pes ad-lal .. 4 mature heifers 
.. Bil-sag ... Bilsag; 
... 3 amar-sal-pes ad-lal .. 3 mature heifers 

OsvERSE II 
Ur-pa Urpa 
é “Iu gal-mes-lam-" of the temple of “Lugal meslam™; 
.... amar-sal-pes ad-lal _.. mature heifers 
Adab"™ ki-du(g) Adab-kidug; 

| OBVERSE II 

[ | amar-sal-pes ad-lal mature heifers. 
nam | Namen. ‘ 


1 Temple of Nergal in Kutha, CT. IX, 3, f. 5, r, 1-4. Cf. E 4y ugal-Gru™! at Laga§. 


LEON LEGRAIN—HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 63 


REVERSE | 
amar-sal-[ heifers 
pa-utul | the chief herdsmen, 
na-ne-sum have given; 
6 amar-sal-pes-si 6 red heifers 
4id-ne-ne} Idnene 
be-K U-Sx? for the hireling 
an-na-sum has given, 
nam-da-uri .... Namdauru? 
ab Sus | butcher . 

REVERSE I] 
[ | amar-sal dii'-a ... fat heifers 
ga-+nun-mab-ta from the great store, 
é(?)-ab-5u(? or ra) for the butcher shop, 
ni-ne-sum they have given 
Se-gur-kud month of Segurkud, 
mu Ma-ri* year when Maer, 
bul-a was destroyed. 


No=28. \CBS. 14193 


Fragment of envelope of a case tablet with a seal impression 
of a patesiof Marad. The city has been identified with Wannet 
es Sa’dun, west of Nippur on the Euphrates. Its relative 
importance seems to date back from Naram-Sin. The temple 
of its god “Sar-Marad-da had been founded by him. It was 
restored’ by King Nebuchadnezzar II, who searched for and 
found the temenu, the foundation stone of Nara4m-Sin. The 


1"Nardti. Cf. Code and Rit-Taf. BIN ADA deel Ly 

* He-KU, a class of enlisted or hired troops or servants. Erin-im-nu-il and erin-he-KU, 
REIsNER, Tellob, No. 3; receive a monthly salary. A scribe keeps a list of their names, CT. X. 
45, obv. 5. They live in their own quarters: é-he-ku. REISNER, Telloh, No. 160, VIII, 24. 
They have a daily grain allowance, MIO. Tello, No. 745, ¥. 3; or are paid in silver: 4 be-KU 
azag-babbar, MIO. Tello, No. 3757. They were attached to many temples and palaces: “Nin- 
mar". é 195% -bar-; é INind; é Nam-ha-nt; Gir-su*. be-K U kalama-il, gir-si(g)-ga é-gal; he-KU 
mar-sa-me, etc. 

* Uru: nasdru, Br. 6443: they shall be kept? 

* Dubhudu, or ipteru? 

asl AY ey OS. leNo.44, 


64 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION 


name of the temple was: é-igi-kalama. A son of Naraém-Sin: 
Libet-ili was patesi of Marad. Some more patesis and priests of 
Marad are quoted in business documents of the Ur dynasty.’ 
The new patesi lived under the rule of Dungi, who 1s called the 
divine Dungi. The exact date is probably posterior to the year 
35 + x of the same king. 


4Dun-gi Li-Sa-lum 

nita kalag-ga mar Su-ni-li 

lugal uri** ma patesi 
Marad-da™ 
warad-7u 


Non2or 2 .@b5'5370 


Fragment of historical and religious inscription: praise of 
Dungi. 


OBVERSE 
Bur 4 | PAC wea Su BS 
me [ ['mnahes (0) SUS BOR ae a ae 
Sparen: il(?)-bi-da-ta 4 eee 
dingir ub-da-tab-tab kalama sag god of the four regions, his decision 1s 
as si(g)-ga-bi reaching all over the country; 
¢Dun-gi-ra to the divine Dungi 
gis-pi-tig gu-mu-na-gar-ra-a intelligence was given ina full measure; 
¢Dun-gi the divine Dungi 
dumu An-na son of Anu 
¢kalam-ma-ge god of the country 
é-il has exalted the temple; 
REVERSE | 
Sukum-dingir-ri-ne the food offerings of the gods 
[ legub-Dar ak 9) PSU Eat OMe brought up 
[ |-sig-ag ...... Were gracefully made 


tse 6506 So 4@ ace re 


1 Leg. No. 357, 294. 


LEON LEGRAIN—HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 65 


No. 30. CBS. 15066 


Fragment of business document. Grain salaries for people 
concerned with the house of tablets or archives: édub-ba. The 
document is dated on the 18th Simanu, the 2nd year of Gimil- 
Sin: mu m4 sig-abzu. .. . 

The variant sig (cf. dar) for dara, shows that the two 
expressions concern the same animal: the wild mountain goat, 
later a symbol of the god Ea, on the kudurrus of the Cassite 
period.} 


Noes le bos 14177 


Seal impression of a scribe servant of Kallamu_patesi 
of Asnunna, on a receipt for grain: 
Kal-la-mu 
pa-te-si 
A8-nun-na“ ka 
Lu %En-zu dub-sar 
Arad-zu. 


Several patesis of ASnunna? are known: like Ituria. 
Mekubi,’ daughter of Gibillama, patesi of ASnuna (k), was the 
wife of Dan-ruhuratir, patesi of Susa. ‘ 


INO 2am on O24 


Legal document. Nonsuit ordered by the judge. Seven 
witnesses took the oath in the name of the king. 


Ur-dingir-ra Sim(?)-gal(?) Ur-dingir-ra the great confectioner(?) 

Li ¢Eniil-la ra against Lu Enlil-la: 

s& in-da-tuk am an action was introduced. 

sa-bi nu-da-bi-a The action being ordered nonsuit 

mu-lugal ni-pa(d) in the name of the king they were 
sworn | 


1 Le temps des rots d’Ur, p. 17. 
2 Cf. "8$-nun-na, ibid., p. 112 and p. 45, n. 3. 
3 SAK. p. 180. 


66 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION 


Nors3e.e@b5a235 


Ritual of incantation, probably when they buried the urn 
full of ashes after they had burnt the body on the reeds of Ea. 
At the time of Urukagina several provisions were made for the 
people who took part in the funerals. Three persons were entitled 
to receive food and drink: the priestess (miu-dingir-r1), the man 
of the dead (lu-di(m)-ma-ge) and some official concerned with 
the burning (bu-ninni-e). The priestess received only a small 
ration of food and drink..: The la-dimma had a very moderate 
part of grain. The big share fell to the bu-ninni-e who took 
4 gallons of sesame beer, 240 sesame cakes, and some grain. 
To which, before the reform, they added 1 piece of cloth, 1 bed 
and 1 chair. The meaning of those titles or names is not clear. 
In the present text the priest invokes the 7 utukkz, Enlil (?) En-ki, 
Babbar (?). The funeral urn, the dead, the corpse, the dwelling 


of the deep abyss are mentioned, and might be a short memorial | 


for the priestess attending the function. 


An an an an an an an God, god, god, god, god, god, god, 

Utug, utug utug utug utug Spirit, spirit, spirit, spirit, spirit, 
utug utug spirit, spirit; 

den 4en-lil(?) Divine lord, divine Enlil, 

en “en-ki Ses Lord, divine Ea, brother(?) 
dbabbar(?) é§ .. ri bul - divine Utu, house .... evil 

bur-q1'-tun(?)-sar mu-tug the urn .... he has obtained; 

ig? utug ug-ga gis-lng-pi(?) dead spirit of the dead, hearken, 

dig'-a “en-ki ge the corpse, the water of Ea 

é engur-ra-ka in the abysmal abode 

sag im-ma-ni-du (g)* have covered it high. 

[ [pa-baPsla-la? "= ih we ee. out of the bounds(?) 

mu-ta-gin. shall not go(?) 


1 Sabbaru, Br. 6977. Burzu, nakpartu. 

*RASVLErAG nse VL ore aie 

’ 1u+%e=dim for dig, the corpse, RA. XIII, 44. The skinned body of animals, Le temps des 
rois. ad’ Ur,. No..277.. 


4 Nakapu, banit. 
5 Or, billudi, parakku: jug, tub, shrine. Br. 5649, 5650. 
® Negation. Cf. [Star descent into hell: ana bitt, efe-e . .. , etc. 


ty. 


LEON LEGRAIN—HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 


NOs346) GBSr 838i 


Pre-Sargonic Sumerian letter. 


ment of fields and orchards, probably palm-groves. 


ki gis-sar 4Nin-urta ta 

ki gis-sar Nig-ga-ra-ni su 
ba-ra-bal al-ni-na-ba 
al-ag'-a-ba 

ki gis-sar “Nin-urta ta 
2... gis-ma+gunu?-har* 
ba-ra-str° 

ki gis-sar Na-ba-ni-tum 
6 sig-a® 

gis-gab-tab’ ib-gid 

1 bur gan 1b-urt 

a-ni tar a-Sa(g) erin-na-a e-ne-gub 


a-Sa(g)-bi 2 bur-gan 
Se bab-gi-e pa-te-si ge ba-dib 


a-Sa(g)-b1-ta sig-a-ne 
a-ni-ta kes (da)-s% 


No. 35. 


from the plantation of Ninib 
to the plantation of Niggarani 
do not go across, its digging 
has been done 

In the plantation of Ninib, 

2.. date palm! tree enclosed (?) 
do not trim 

At the plantation of Nabanitum 
6 gardeners 

shall form a squad 

and cultivate 1 burgan (acre) 


67 


Directions for the manage- 


the ditchers* engaged in digging the 


soldier’s field (?) 
their field is of 2 burgan 


the grain shall be provided for, on the 


reserves of the pates!; 
In this field, the gardeners, 


by the ditchers, shall form a separate 


unit. 


SBopo2dd 


Incantation by the broken reed, the reed of Apsu. “Engur, 
the divine abyss, is called the mother of Ea, the pure diviner of 
Ekur.? The text seems to be a part of the liturgy of Ea. 


The 


1 Rapaku. 


? Varieties of gi5-ma+gunu: nag-ti, ur, zi-na(d), MIO. Tello, No. 4644, 4646, 889. REISNER, 


Tello, No. 121. 


314 gan bar gis-ma+gunu-gid, CT. X, 49, Obv. 3. 


4 Fruits in bunches or cakes of 5 to 3 ga each, MIO. Tello, No. 889 (gir-lam). 


LAS, 


p. 38-40. Identified with the baSubu tree, or the pomegranate (SAI. 2772). TSA. XLVIII, n. 9. 


5 Sandagu, or Sadddu. 


6 Amel urgi. Br. 7010. Nu-gis-sar: ikkaru. 


7 Le temps des rots d’Ur, p. 38, n. 4. 


8 Cf. du-a-tar, TSA. XXXIV, gardeners (nu-sar-me), Hussey, ST. No. 6. 


BEM ASINO! B47 £057. 
ahr; (0223. 


Gi3-sar a-dit-a, 


68 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION 


god is mentioned here like in the flood story,1 and the same 
strong alliteration is marked in both texts. Together with 
7 stones, 7 statues, the precatory formula bara, they are char- 
acteristic of magic incantations. 


OBVERSE 
gi-gam-ma gi “Engur Bent reed, reed of Engur, 
Suku Sub-ba ba-ra Spread offerings, away; 
gi-a7ag-gi gis-gl azag-ga Pure reed, clear cane 
ba-ra away; 
li-gal li-gal-la na-ri(g)-ga great cypress,? great cypress of puri- 
fication 
na-izi® si(g)-ga ba-ra piled up as smoke offering, away; 
Sim-erin | |, Sim-erin gam-gam-ma_Balmy cedar, balmy cedar bent, 
ut | \-taira-a) ee brought out; 
[ Lan ‘si{g) nam-1l 2a wee. full, shall not rise, 
[ ] a-si(g)-ne ba-ra_...... filled, away; 
[ [{Racellgoe nie ay. ayrde Aceamegeren pure place, 
[ LE Didar ae el Cane ae , away 
[Lugal léskicel-le Si Oe ae, ae for the pure place, 
[ |-bu mu-tum _............ has brought; 
[é7En.. ]-zr(?) the temple of En...... 
[ | basta soe as , away; 
[ amas .. \abwura mies tee the park .... the yard, 
REVERSE 
ln ... ud(?)-sar ur ne-si(g) the geek. enclosure they spread, 
é§ zu-ab [ the abode of Apsu .... 
FE y-ki-ra | forsban. 
a-kur-ta nA ee oes cy eee 
2-lu [ 
a-ni-li ki-mu .. | Mpc te 
za-bi 2 Se(?) ba-ra the stone ...., away, 
ka-li-ne 7a-li-ne ; thers). &. 
pu-ba theag day Salan year eee ee ee ee the statues, 
tu-hu nam-bu gh ba-ra(?) Doves, birds of destiny all away; 
7 na-me 7 na-me 7 stones they were, 7 stones they were, 
alan 7 e ba-ra. 7 statues indeed, away. 


1 KikkiS’, kikkt’, igar, igar, GilgameS, Tablet XI, 21. 
2 Buraku. 
3 Qutrinnu. 


LEON LEGRAIN—HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 69 


No. 36. CBS.7874 


School text on a lump of clay. Two lines of model text 
copied by the pupil, read as follows: 


4] i-bi-it-iStar Libit iStar. 
a-nun bu-mu-ta-gal may he possess a great strength 


A good instance of loyal school work at the time of the Isin 
dynasty. 
Gs Ze oo bS. TAT SO 
School text of the same period. 


Nir-gal' azag-zu-a® é(?)-Su-dim3-ma. The noble wise one of ESudimma, 
Su-nig-gal-la* Aratta® ** ka The figure of Aratta. 


No. 38. CBS. 18188 


School text. Fragment of historical legend? 


69 (?) sag-ki-ta 69 from the beginning 
. tm-dirt(g) urudu ba-zi-in al-su-su ....heavy clouds, copper axe, does 
increase, 
... lal pu-bi ne-ib-si-st ... gear of the well they piled up 
sag(?)-ki tum-da dg-ga Se-bae-dae.... the total of gathered products, the 
gain food ... 
sag-dul-e id-da bal. es the head dam, the river across .. . 
st-si-ik® A-ga-de™ Su ni-gi ... Sisik has returned to Agade . 
a-ga-de™ a a-na-dm mu-e ni-ag in Agade Anam(?) spent the year, 
— gi-gi(g) lul-la’ im-ma-an-na-gar a ........ he has established. 
li bir-ru-bi ne-in-tuk people take their lances(?) 
a-ga-de™ a a-bi [ | a-dim in Agade .. likea . 
1 Ftellu. 
2 Enqu. 


3 Sandqu $a qati, wma3u, Br. 7092: Enclosure. E-Su-kdr(?)-ma, é u8-bar “lama *Gimil “Sin, 
MIO. Tello, No. 909, IV, 16-19 (at Girsu). E-Su-kdr-di-du, Br. 7138 (zigurrat of Ur). 

* Mésra, Br. 7252. 

5 KeS and Aratta, Gud. Cyl. A., XXVII, 2. 

68M ar Samat, Br. 3434. 

7 Cf. di lul-la: dén zarti; ki lul-la: Saggastu. 


UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION 


No. 39. CBS. 14055 


Fragment of the code. Wages of the slave with or without 
lodgings. 


OBVERSE | 


[ | sa Berney 
‘Sala stars esata) ie ieee ene no prostitute!(?) a servant,” 


gim dumu ga-gal i1Star(?) the servant the suckling baby(?).... 


azag-ta gub-ba-as for the (price) brought in silver 


ib-ta-tum shall take along. 
tukund1 Supposing that 
gim ga la-ba-an-dag* a servant is not locked in 
[ud] 1 Su a-nt [Su] each day for her salary 
[ | Se ta [am] [10 qa] of barley... 
OBVERSE II 
1 an {| | eRe 
ga la-ba-an-|dag| is not locked in, 
ud 1 SU a-ni-Su each day for his salary, 
to (qa) Se-ta-am 10 qa of barley 
al-ag-e shall be measured, 
ku-babbar gur-a-bi Silver in return‘(?) for salary 
arad a-nt ba-an-tu(r) (?) the servant will enter on his salary 


No. 40. CBS. 14081 


Liturgy of Dungi, with reference to some historical year or 
event. 


OBVERSE | 
Sir-ru Hymn 
pi-lul-da® gal-gal for the great liberation 
sib-71(d) of the pious shepherd, 
Dun-gi-ri Dungi, 
1 [Staritu, gadiStu, nu-gig? 
* Eru, abdu. 


’ Naparki, Br. 5441. No lodging provided for. 
‘Exchanger duppuru, kanaku, taru, Br. 3361, 3362, 3367. 
® Urukagina, b) VII, 26 (SAK. p. 50, c.). Opposed to ama-gi. 


a 


LEON LEGRAIN—HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 71 


| |-ga-su 

mu ga-(?) ar-ga-ar 
Nibru™ a 
“gal-gal-e-ne 

a-ru 

mu a-tu-a-tu-u-ge (7) 
uru-ki a 


nam-su(?) gu(?) Su(?) mu ... 


SUTC) tae | 
gis-bu3-[ 
Su-nirt a-[tn 
u-im-ga? | 
ur-sag “En-Iil [ 
“nin-[urta(?) 
du(g)-ga-a mu [ 
Pa-gis-gibil-sag | 
da-ri |(?) 
gis-u* ga-la-ga | 
si-im | 


[ |-gar-ra-am 


No. 41. 


the [valiant .. ] 

the year when the establishment? 
in Nippur 

the great gods 

were(?) granted; 

the year when the purification? 
in the city, 


« Me 6% bei we 


offspring ... 
emblem, purified(?).. . 
the hero of Enlil, 
Nin-ib(?)... 
to the order . 
Pasagy +, 
for ever(?) 
cedar . 


REVERSE I] 


.... being made. 


CBS. 14214 


Hymn to “Nin-a-zu, the father of “Nin-gi8-zi(d)-da,° the 
grand-father of Dumuzi-Tammuz. Like them probably a god 
of vegetation, reigning in Hades. Two months in the Drehem 
calendar borrowed their names from his legend: the 4th and 5th: 
“the couch (ki-sig),’ and feast (ezen)” of Nin-a-zu. They pre- 


‘Purification? Tébibtu, Sukunnu, Br. 12185, 12186. 


2 Risnu, Br. 11571. 
SPirpu, BY.7531. 

4 Surinnu, Br. 7198. 
5 Asibu. 


* Gudea, St. I. (Cf. B. VI, p. 258, 1. 29.). 
" Le temps des rois d’Ur, p. 14, n. 4. 


72 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION 


cede the month of Akiti, which marked the return of spring. 
Nippur calendar does not record the name of Nin-azu, but names 
the 6th month: ‘‘the return of [Star(kin 4 Innanna),’’ instead 
of which people in Laga’ had a: “feast of Tammuz* lezen (azag) 
“Dumuzi].’? This name only prevailed in Babylonian and 
Assyrian time. The month of Tammuz was the month of seed 
sowing (Su-numun-a). Harvest came (Se-gur-kud) 7 months 
later. | 

At the time of Urukagina, Nin-a-zu had his share among 
other gods, in the rich offerings (ba-la)’ at Lagas. His cult 
declined by degrees, and made room for the cult of his son 
4Nin-gis-zi(d)-da at the time of Gudea, and chiefly his famous 
grand-son Tammuz. Ninazu is figured here as begotten from 
Nannar in EkiSsirgal at Ur. 


OBVERSE 
Lugal gal’-utul | | me-en King protector of herds... thou art, 
¢Nin-a-7u gal-utul | | me-en Ninazuprotectorofherds... thou art, 
en *Nin-a-zu-mu. utlul | me-en My lord Ninazu, herds... thou art, 
gi-is(?)4 za-gin-na ma |... Su st...] Reed ... of lapislazuli.... thou art, 
me-en 
Hilt owes N|\UN-NA-MA-NA... sevens thou art, 
bia. .me-en 
ki-sag-bi du-ul ... ’ub en*Nin-a-qu _ the place where .... lord Ninazu, 
. me-en thou art, 
[ 4) Nin-a-zu ki-in-gub® ba-ma .... may Ninazu ....... the grave(?) 
dNanna(r) ...€.... ri(?)-gub Nannar .. 
gal Su-gal®-la(?) 4Nanna(r) [tu(d) Protector of ..... begotten(?) from 
...| me-en Nannar ... thou art, 


I PA ak ee es ee ES Be te nh Re 

1 In Umma, the 12th month was dedicated to 4Dumu-zi. ; 

2 Hussey, S.T. No. 41. This curious list includes: 4Ninni ib-gal, ki-a-nag, 4Nind, *En-ki 
gi-ka-na, *Nin-gir-su nin-ni-gar-ra, @Nin-dar, “Dumu-zi-abzu, 4 Pq-sag, 4 4b-ir-nun, *He-thr, 
*Nin-ir, “Nin-dub, *Ezin-nu, 4Dun-(REC. 230)-ab, @N in-Subur, “Nin-a-zu, IMes-an-du, Ib-ha- 
nu-kt, “Ga-tum-du(g), “Innana, 7 ygal-tru™, Ki-a-nag. 

Nin-a-zu is called: ‘‘the Sumerian” DP. No. 49, 51 (TSA. LV). 

3 Cf. dakan, sug. Il: takkannu, sukku, Del. Glossar. 

4Gi-unt; gi-Sid(?). 

5 Ki-gub: gibiru, Br. 9723; ki-in-gi: matu, Br. 9678; ki-in-dar: nigissu, Br. 9682. 

§ Pabaru, Br. 7203. ; 


ee Dean = —- 


ii i ti 


LEON LEGRAIN—HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 


paan....ma... arad babbar-ri-id 
Ean ee 
gis-gu-7a an-ni ba(?)-ra ..... 
7ag-an-k1-5u-gir si-be-da-ab-di ud-ba- 
SECO nee 
mu ud-ba s1-ba-ra(?) ab-di 
ud-ba s1(g)... 
Zu Su im-mi-dn 
[ | kur-kur-ra pa-é tg-ga im- 
mi-gub 
4Kal-7u(?) é-kis-sir-gal-la 4-gal ha-ra 
me-en 


oeeeve 


¢Nin-a-zu uri*’-ma tu(d)-da*Nanna(r) 
be-e-da-Sus 

en “Nin-a-zu-mu uri* ma tu(d)-da 
4Nanna(r) he-e-Sus 


a-ami.... gam(?) gal*En-lil-li mu-zu 

pa-ne-in-mda(?)? 

ama? ugu-7u wu ...... ra nam . 

é-7u uru(?)-7u kur(?)..... 
bu(?)-mu un 


ib) 


Scepter . 


Heavenly throne ... 

Sanctuary, place of .. 
firm, the storm ... 

the storm, may stand firm, 

the storm . 

thy .... is achieved, 
. shine on the countries, stand on 
the people 

God warrior thou, in Egi8’irgal! a 
great force for destruction, thou 
art 

Nina-zu in Ur begotten from Nannar, 
may he be spread out 

My lord Ninazu, in Ur begotten from 
Nanna(r) mayest thou spread 
out. 

father ... great of Enlil, thy name is 
glorified, 

mother on thee .... 


.,-may stand 


thy temple, thy city .... 
mayest thou be . 


REVERSE 


Im ki-uru’ ..., ki sud-al[... 
bu-mu-un { 
En *Nin-a-zu-mu ud-ba bi-bu-| 


ki-gal(?)bi hu-mu-un-ga-ri(?) 
mer-azag-gt sag-7a ba-ra-ni-in-gi 
Su-n1 dim ba-ra-ni-in 


gis(?) gal a-a ugu-na ... Sa(g) 
azag mu-un . 


Wind of the city .... 
mayest thou be ... 
My lord Ninazu, the storm, mayest 
thou... 
the grave mayest thou .... 
may the gold crown on thy head, never 
change place. 
may thy hand the scepter(?) never 
let... 
ree thefatheron ....clearinside... 


1 Ziggurat of Nannar, at Ur. 
2 Du(g), Al?? Cf. pa-e. 
3 Dakkannu, Br. 9657. 


4 Tarbt, Surbf, sanadgu, Br. 1166-1188. The rod, emblem of power. 


Cf. pa: pattu. 


74 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION 


. igi sag-ga mu ... in-bar .. 
[ ]... du(g) mu[ni-lin-kur . . 
[ | kur-kur-ra ug-ga(?)-ne-zu | 
he-il(?) ... 
[en *nin|-a-zu-mu pi-ne-zu he-e ... 
me-ne-7Uu he-e ... 
[ |.-7u ki-el sal-Sa(g)-n1 
[ | nin-bar-nin-ansu(?)-gal | 


é-7u uru-7u bu-mu-ra-ab-b1 
x'-Su ga(?)-ra-da-tum 


[ |-zu en “Nin-a-7u-mu 
[mu?|-bal?-e “Nin-a-zu-kam 


No. 42. 


eyed on his head ... 
.. good, shall change .. 
_.. of the countries, thy people ... 
avers 
My lord Ninazu, may thy ears ex- 
Lene 
may thy orders, come out .. 
Lh Veeuaeaie. , the servant his grace ... 
Thy temple, thy city, mayest thou 
command unto them 
May | bring thee my prayer. 
IPs he oY my lord Ninazu. 
Litany(?) of Ninazu 


CBaa0osy 


Sumerian building (votive) inscription, with several records 
of Dungi. The tablet was written at the time of the Isin dynasty. 


OBVERSE’ 


zi? a-mas4 gar Sa(g) a-ka® ni-du® na-1 
im-tab 


és é-bar-sag-su Dun-gi-ra mu-na-ni-1n- 
tu(r)-tu (r) 
ud-bi-a gis-e é-gal-la tu(d)-tu(d)-da- 
Nien 
qi gis-ra_ u-ga-an-na-ab .... 


gis-e 71-1r ki-1m-m1-ib-lal ba-ra ni-ku? 
mu... ’a(g)-ga? 

am-dim si ur-a ba-ni-ib ... 

gu(d)-dim ur-bi-taim ..... 


1 REC. 316, sign of prayer. Cf. No. 5. 


Fence(?) forming enclosure round 
demolitions(?) the keeper(?) of 
raised stones, has added. 

In the house of Eharsag, for Dungi, he 
has introduced. 

The day when, the wood, in the palace 
where he was born, 

the fence to throw down, indeed | 
ordered to ... 

the wood for the fence was exactly 
weighed, without any .... 

like a wild bull, horns together .... 

like a bull, together . 


* Sag-bal-e: sarru, Br. 3538. Gud. Cyl. A, XIX, 16. 


3 Abaeu, sandqu., “Chi CT. X10, Ob. lea. Clavie 2y Colal ho: (Gude Cyl tA Lisa 


4 A-maS di-a, Gud. Cyl. B, XV, 5. 
6 Saqaiu, Br. 8080. 
6 Muséli, pitd. 


en ee 2 


LEON LEGRAIN—HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 


udu munsub-ba(? or pi?) im-bi-a .... 


ur-mabh(?).... 

ud-b1 . é {1-1r gu-mu-na-de-e 

OPA MES qi lu na-ba-bu(?) nu-a 
apa 

ba-bad-da 

are bar-si(g)-as-ta-é-a ba-ta-ne-in- 
Us-Sa 

Cita. rim gi-urti-da nu-gub-bu 

gi....  gi-Su-ha-ne ba-e pad'-pad-du 

Te wae mute igi-su 
| Bis ene any gub-ba ga-mu-ra-ab-du (g) 
urudu nig-kalag-ga*.... sag-ga mu-um- 


ma-da-ab-ri(g) 

gis-erin gis za-ba-lum,*. . . [gzs-Sur-] 
man, gis-ku4 
eee a: Su(?) ba7- 
ba .... lum 

gis-a-am, gi dim-du(g)-ta be-im-ma- 
da-ab-tim 

sag-ga-ka he-ne-sub-suh 


gis-dan gis-dup-ti-a 


Ogre: Te, ow '6i 


ud-dé be-ne-ba-dim (?) 
. S1g-g1 gab nig-tuk"'-ki-na-ta 
gis-eme sar-su-in-gub-ta be-im-ta-gub 


75 
a hairy sheep ... 
a lion . 
the day when .... for the fence, was 
claimed, 
eae the-tence..themscees 


had been raised, 
. issuing from the covert, reaching 
outside 
the fence(?)... reed of protection 
not standing up, 


the fence(?) ... reeds the fishers, offer 
the fishes on, ... for 1 year before, 

the fence(?) .... standing, I will order 
for thee, 

hard bronze ..... at the head shall 


be placed, 
cedar-wood, zabalum 

wood, box-wood 
uSu®-wood, pine®(?)-wood, ... 


cypress- 


ildaggu*-wood, from good plant,? shall 
be brought 
of its head, 
splendid 
shall be made like day. 
Sod +e underneath in front of his form, 
on pegs put for fastening, he shall 
stand, 


shall be made 


1 Kusapi. 

2 Eri dannu, Br. 12088, 12089. 

‘Gudea, St B, V, 55; Cyl..A, XV, 30. 
gis tu-lu-bu-um. 
p. 34, anm. 2. 

4 Urkarinu. 

5 Ebony-wood, terebinthe? 

6 Cf. Dupranu, burasu, butnu. 

7 HaSuru? 

8 Or Addaru, Br. 11486, 11487. 

9 Of good growth. 

10 Zimu, or nasabu? 

aMesra Br. 12177. 


Mounts of Zabalum. 
Za-ba-lam: supalu, CT. XVII, 38, 1. 39. 
(SAK. p. 70, a); along with: aSubu and plane-tree. 


Together with gzS-a-ku, 
MetssNER, MVAG. 1904, No. 3, 


Ina elt tupat bura%t. 


76 


th (?) pu-ub' sib-a gikum-ma du(g)- 
di(g) am-dim he-im-m1-su 


urti-bi bugru+sar(?)-ba be-im-ta- 


gu(d)-ud 


UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION 


the beast disturbing the deep well, 
muttering in the abyss, like a bull 
he shall cover, 

its foundation, out of the secret abyss 
shall be reared. 


REVERSE 


gis-al-e sa-he-ne-si(g) gis dusu 7ag be- 
mi-lal-lal 
Dun-gi-ri gd-Su(?) bu-mu-na-di 
ga-nun bu-mu-na-gub 
gis-gu-za edin(?)-te(g)-é-a du(g)-ga-e 
hu-mu-na-ni-gub. 


gu-ne-sag-ga° bul é-a 
din-lal gi-e be-im-ma-gub 
ma(?)-za-lum e subur* be-im-ma- 
| Su-Su 
bad-ne ha-ba-gis-gis°-’u lagab(?) bu- 
mu-un-na-si(g)-s1(g) 
gis-pu" bar-ra(?) .... na bu-mu-un- 
na-mda-ma 


gis-md .... ka-ni Su(?) dim(?) subur 
bu-mu-na-di-dit 
Su-dim .... .. 5a(g) ga mu-nigin 


sal-sil tur ... sig-am he-1im-mz1-ib-é 
Dun-gi bu-mu-un-si(g)-si(g) 


g1s-g1 bar-rim®-ma 


si(g)-ga-7a_ awall full of ... 


Spade shall spread net-like, corb shall 
reach the limit. | 

For Dungi the abode ... I will build, 
the great store | will rear, 

the throne foundation of the plain, 
placed in the temple, | will rear 
there to him 

the protection(?) against evil in the 
temple 

pot of date wine and honey, I will set 
up. 

the ...., shall have the covering 
spread upon 

the walls(?) shall face(?) one another, 
the enclosure I will complete® 

the well, dug-out ... | will rear up 


for him, 

the boat. 1:. I will build him a 
cover, 

thes... with date-palm(?) I 
shall surround, 

Young ewes, young .... I will let go 
out, 

Dungi shall have them plentiful 


art thou, 


1 Temen(?). 
2 Kadadu, kanasu? 


3 Cf. ma-Sa-lum, RTC. 304: a bronze object. 


4 Kimmatu. 
5 Or nigin? 
6 Mali, lama, Sapaku. 


Cf. gis-gis: Sapiltu $a qibiti: answer, reply. 


7 Gik-pu, RA. IV, 24, text III; RTC. 197, f. 8; Gud. Cyl. B, XVI, 9. 


8 Or matkim? 


LEON LEGRAIN—HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 7 if} 


gis-dim-gal-gal! dit-a-bi he-me-en 

ee hee kalag .... bi he-me-en 

di-ba(?)-an-ze-ir? In-kal-la-nu-zu3 

ki-gir-dut na-gu-ri-ri-a® 

gi gis-gu-za subus gis-7i(d)-da Mé-ri** 
be-ba-e-di-di 


gis-me-en igi-tab-ba be-me-ni-ti(r)-ri 


me-en 
sag-cu sag-mu-ta he-im-ta-gar 


No. 43. 


a great pillar(?) its construction shall 
be, 

aa its strong ... shall be, 

a strong foundation, a vigorous youth, 

a foot resting place, a raised up stela 

the whole throne, a foundation of 
straight wood from Maer, shall be 
built, 

wood (?)® art thou, fixing thy looks in 
front of thee art thou, 

Thy face, from my face, shall thou not 
turn away. 


CBS70236 


Sumerian building inscription, with records of a gold statue, 
of Enlil (?), of Naram-Sin and perhaps the city of Hamazi. 


OBVERSE 


alan sag-azag-gi 
“En(?)-lil-li [é|-kurta nam(?)- 
ta-an-é 


24: kd-gal*En-lil-la ka ga-im-ma-ba-é 


S) &p 6h le) OF se! ce! eho 


Dahea ra the statue with the golden head, 
Enlil from ékur shall not go out .. 


By the gate of Enlil I will get out .. 


REVERSE 


9: uru Ha-ma-[zi . 
lt ¢Nun-[ 
“Na-ra-am "Sin Sag 
gis-erin gis Su-tr-man gis za-ba- 
lum gis-ku 


Sie) «." G46 


the city of Hamazi(?) 
f-Ba 
INafaiiesiniey 


cedar-wood, cypress-wood, zabalum, 


box-wood, 


er ee ee ee eS ee eee 


1 Markasu, dimgallu. 
? Halasu, Br. 4205. 


3 Not knowing this srength; badilu, Br. 6215. 


4 Huzappu, Br. 9208. 
° Cf. na-rii-a and séru, Br. 3273. 
6 Zikaru, tdlu? 


78 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION 


gis-gi gis-dan-na ... 71(¢)-gum cane, uSu wood, ... were cut to 
ba-an-sur-sur DIECesia« 
guskin-bi mi-n1 .... ne-in-ag its gold ... _... were made 
guskin-bi su-u-ba' ne-in-ag its gold was melted, 
urudu|-bi .. mab ... kar-ra 1S; COD pel. & 
ne-1N . 
azag-bt 2.236. dim-e IES’ SUVeTian. 


Noma eG Ba 5207 


Liturgy of the god Pa-gibilsag, with reference to Enlil, 
Ninlil(?), Nippur and Isin. Pagibil-sag was later identified 
with [Sum a god of fire and pestilence, an intendant of Nergal, 
the great leader and high commissary of the gods. In the days 
of old he was called the leader of the land (nimgir kalam-ma).’ 
Eannatum was a diviner® of the same god. Priests (sangu)* of 
Pasag are named along with priests of Ninsun and Nindar. His 
temple in LagaS® was ranking next to the temple of Ningirsu, 
é Xabru, é bagé and é barbar. Fields and flocks were attached 
to it, and were attended to by a regular board® or Stathae iis 
present temple is in Larak.’ 


CoLuMn | 
am wur-ra-am dar-a é-a-ni ka-ni like the crouching bull the chequered 
one of his temple, 
lugal-mu am-ir-ra-am dar-a é-a-| my king is like the crouching bull the 


chequered one of his temple .. 
4Pa-gibil-sag am-tr-ra-am dar-a é-a-ni | Pa-gibil-sag is like, etc. 


VAY 


1 Su-ub: masasu, Br. 203. Cf. kemassu. 

2 Gud. St. B, VIII, 63-64. 

3 Iskim, SAK. p. 22, stone B, II, 13. 

sd Chat ay 

5 E Uha-gi8-bi(1)-sag, REISNER, Tellob, No. 26, XI, 9, XIV, 20. 

6 £ »a-sag had 1 ukuuS sangu, 2 nuban(da)-gu(d), 1 Ses tabba, 4 engar, 12 gu(d)-da-ri-a, 
1 pa erin-na maskim, a erin, 4 u-1!, MIO. Tello, No. 865. 

=| |-ne-sag, umun Larak, St. LANGpON, 5th tab., r. 12 in SBP. p. 160, n. 4, 7. &' a5-te, 
é-a¥-tu, temple of Larak, ibid., p. 133, n. 4; Pp. 205. Bit-sdla-laraki, Sanh. V, 35 (Del. Paradise, 
p. 202, 5; p. 224). According to Berosos, Xisuthros was born in Aapayxa. 


LEON LEGRAIN—HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 79 


é-a-ni é-la-ra-ag-ka-ni-am é-a-ni [ 
uru-ni uru A .... gal-la é-a-n1-ka [ 
ur-sag é-a-ni é la-ra-ag [ 

en “Pa-gibil-sag é la-ra-ag [... 


ki [ -tu(d)-da-ni és [ 


ki-[ |-7z(d) ku-a-ni é [ 
ki ki-el a-ga(?) ma-ma-[ 
ni-si-in-na é-sag. .[ 
ki gu(d)-e gu a-ni gu(d) ur-ur 
gis | 
nimgir-dim gir-gir-ta 71(g)-ga-ni 
nimgir-im-gal-la-a 
ur-bar-dim kas-ligir-ta 7i(g)-ga ni 
ur-ra-e ag-da 
tg-dim' ka-sig-ta 71(g)-ga-nia.... 
sar(?) 
ud-dim Sa(g)-tim-ma? nam-dun mu- 
Un-ag-e 
en ud-sa(g)-ttim-ma nam-dun mu-un- 
ag-e 
en *Pa-gibil-sag é-$a(g)-tum-ma nam- 
dun mu-un-ag-e 
Sa(g)-tum Sa(g)-tim ni-si-in*™ na-ge 
lugal-mu nam-dun mu-un-ag-e 
ud-ba lugal-mu nibru™ $% na-gin 
ur-sag *Pa-gibil-sag ki 4En-lil-la Su 
gin-a-nt 
gin-a-ni é-bi ni-si-in** na an-ta 
NOM A. 
ud-ba nin-mu nt-si-in** na sa-ga 
ba-ni-in ... 


His temple, his temple of Larak is it 
his temple ... 

His city, the city 4 ... galla of his 
temple 

the valiant, his temple, his temple of 
Larak ... | 

the lord Pagibilsag, his temple of 
Farakiene 


the place .... of his birth, the house 

the place of his ... pure food, the 
temple ... 

the pure place . 

Nisin the temple. . 


the place where the bull ... 


like a leader, his getting along the 
roads, a leader of the winds(?) 

like a leopard, his going on expedition, 
acting along the foundation, 

like a wild beast with hanging head, 
his driving 

like the sun at midday, he exercises 
sovereignty 

lord sun of midday, he exercises 
sovereignty 

lord Pagibilsag, in the temple of mid- 
day, he exercises sovereignty, 

midday, midday of Nisin, 

my king, ruling supreme, 

when my king goes.to Nippur, 

the valiant Pagibilsag, in his going to 
the abode of Enlil 

in his going, the temple of Nisin, in 
heaven and earth, he .... 

when my lady in Nisin, on high ... 


1 Og-dim, like the day, Gud. Cyl. B, IX, 21. 


2 Oirbitu, Br. 8032. 


80 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION 


é-damal-la é-ni-si-in™ na-ka. .nt her large temple of Nisin, she ... 
mi-ni-ib ... 

sig-lum-ma'-b1 nam-ma-an ... the wool.... she does noteun. 

dar-bi-dm Su-ga-ri Su-ga-ri .... being variegated, the perfect work... 


oe ek e686 ee ek ee i ee ee ee ee 


Noy 45. UG BS22200-2277 


Sumerian historical records. Enlil, E-an-na, the land of 
Sumer and Akkad, the river of Kutha and Sippar, the Gutium 
enemies, the valiant hero of Sumer; perhaps the mention of a 
king may still be read in the much-damaged text. 


No. 46. CBS. 7848 


Fragment of a historical prism. Seems to refer to letter or 
order (u#-na-du(g) ) of King Libit-iStar of Isin, and some ex- 
pedition (kas-ligir ta im-gi). The 1st and 2nd lz-mu-um are 
hardly identical with Assyrian eponymates, but they seem to 
have some connection with periods of time (bal). 


No. 47. - CBS: 7820 + 7830 


Fragment of a historical prism. Perhaps a record of the 
building activity of King Naram-Sin, Sa(g)-ga Nibruki..., 
luda... ., mu ékur-ra.... 


No. 48. CBS. 7849 


Fragment of an octagonal prism. The text, among several 
historical records preserved a version of the building and re- 
building of the Tummal of Ninlil.2 The shrine of the goddess 
at Nippur was founded in the early days of “Gi8-bil-ga-mes. 
The Drehem? tablets give details of food, scented or precious 
woods, sacrifice animals sent as offerings to Tummal. Uba 
patesi of Adamdun had a bow placed in it as a votive offering. 

1 Cf. tag-lum-za. 


2A. PoEBEL, PBS. V, No. 6, 7; IV, 1 p. 143-147. 
3 Le temps des rots d’Ur, No. 4, 303, 306, 384. 


LEON LEGRAIN—HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 81 


Among interesting items in lists of account of Ahuni in Tummal, 
we note a bronze bed with a mattress of good wool for Alla- 


Sarrum the nurse of Me-kadi the king’s daughter. 


The shrine 


was the proper asylum of young princesses. 


CoLuMNn II 


| Dub'-k1-dg “nanna(r) 
dumu Na-an-ni ge 
Tum-md-al™ si pa-ne-da-é 


4Nin-lil Tum-md-al™ $4 in-tim 
a-du 4 kam Tim-md-al™ ba-sub 
' Ur (4Engur-ge é-kur]| in-di 
Dun-[gi dumu Ur 4Engur]-ge 
Tum-ma-al™ si pa-ne-da-é 
4Nin-lil [Tum-ma)-al* $% in-tim 


[a-du 5|kam Tum-md-al™ ba-Sub. 


[.. ¢I-bi] ¢Sin ka-ta 

[en-na “I-|bi 4Sin lugal-e 

[en-am|-gal-an-na en- 4Ninni 
[unn]** ga mas-e in-pa(d)-dé 


[2Nin-|lil Tam-ma-al™ sx 
|-gin-ne-en 

(71 5-b1]-ir-ra é-kur-igi-gal 

[é-gi-na-|ab-dn* 

(?En-lil-la] in-[di| 


See ime @/ 8 eign 6 


Dubkiag-Nannar 

son of Nanni, 
let shine the horn? (exalted) of Tum- 

mal 
Ninh into Tummal was brought up, 
A fourth time Tummal was ruined. 
Ur-Engur built the temple ékur, 
Dungi son of Ur-Engur, 
let shine the horn of Tummal, 
Nin-lil into Tummal was brought up. 
A fifth time Tummal was ruined. 
By... of Ibi-Sin, 
when King Ibi-Sin, 
was elected by oracles as priest! of the 
temple: “the great heavenly bull,” 
priest of Innana at Uruk 

Ninlil into Tummal, 

they brought up. 
[Sbi-irra built: Ekur-igi-gal 
the Sutummu 
of Enlil 


CoLuMn III 


pa-te-si sag-il[ . 
é(?) 4En-lil-la ... 
pa a-dan(?) ba.. ib-tum 


1Or Sid? 


the patesi raising the head .... 
the temple of Enlil ... 
the canal, the flood .._ has carried (?) 


® $1-ba-mul-mul, Gud. Cyl. A, XXIV, 22. 

3Or gin: entered. Cf. 1. 16: gin-ne-en. 

4 The 2nd year of [bi-Sin. 

5 Same “granary” built in Ur by Enannatum son of ISme-Dagan, SAK. p. 206, b). Great 
store for furniture: 37 gi¥ gu-za .. $a(g) E-gi-na-tim, Reisner, Tellob, No. 83, Vs. 9, 11. 


82 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION 
| 4 y-lil-dingir-mu  Ha-an-za-mu Enlil-dingirmu and Hanzamu, 
mu-sig-gi-es mu-da-kar-ri-eS _ have stamped, have banked up, 
| Lugal-an-ni(?) na-ab-bi-a Lugal st ordering 
ma-e par dm 1 canal for me 
qa-e patdm . 1 canal for thee 


1 canal for the patesi 

on the word they have said: the water 
be mine 

there shall be no restriction 

the workmen of their (?) river, the 
canal... 

as for me, | will order. . 

a strength of 5 small ... 


pa-te-st pa 1 am 
a he-mu-e ka-ne-in-du(g)-ta 


nu-mu-un-dim'-gi-es 
erin id-zu-nu-ma pa-gub [ 


ma-e ha-a-bi-a-ma [| 
Gd ma-tur 5 -n [ 


bu-mu-S1-in [ ~ Mayveloors 
a-ma-ru | the storm .... 
Lugal-isib a-na [| | Lugal isib (?) has ... 


pa-te-si [ra (?) to (P) the patesi .. 


NO 49.28 GBS13007 


Praise of King Libit-iStar. Fragment of a three(?) column 


tablet. 
CoLuMN | 


¢] 7-b1-it-iStar lugal 
sag-il nun bara-ga 
be-du gis-isimu? 
nam-lugal-la 
2U)tu-dim-gin 
Se-ir-715 kalam-ma 


King Libit-istar 

the exalted prince of all shrines, 
ornament of the stem 

of royalty, 

like Sama& thou goest 

splendor of the land, 


nam-nun dur-map* nobility of great houses 


[ J-gal-la ... 
[ | da [ 
[ | ki gar-ra | 
Cotumn II 
en-dun | noble lord ... 
an ni-ki [his, pf A aan eee | eee eee anes 


1Ordu(g)? Dim: sandgu. 

2 Zigpu, Br. 8968. 

3 Sartiru. 

¢ Sarru, durmabu, Br. 10576-7. 


2, hy Cha aa 


LEON LEGRAIN—HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 83 


1t1'-t1 [ help ... 

ama-an [ mother .. 

Fst Li[bit-iStar. 
CoLumn III 

Ne-| MM ee PE tat ih of. Ley 

diri(g) [ more .... 

4] 7-[bi-it 1Star libitsistar.. 

dumu *En-[ son of En.. 

nig-gi-na [ justice ... 

Inim-1nNim-mi-ni his words ... 


No. 50. CBS. 14176 


Fragment of Sumerian literary text of dubious meaning. 
The superintendent (maSkim) and the priest of lamentations 
(gala), are mentioned together with statues (alan), temple (é), 
walls (badd), boats for grain (md-Se). The whole seems to be a 
record of rules and regulations. 


Noms i se bs Ao242 


Fragment of historical inscription(?). List of gods, part of 
an official litany: 


[ ] ?Nusku | me-en | Nusku art thou, 

[ ] “nu-thg-nir-ra me-[en | Nutugnirra art thou, 

[ | nibru® me-[en | of Nippur art thou, 

[ | sig é-kur-ka me-[en | bricks of Ekur art thou, 
[ ] uri** ma me-[en | in Ur art thou, 

[ ] ¢En-lil-li [ ] Enlil, 

[ ] e 5% mu-su(d) [ ] for.. has removed afar, 
[ | kalam(?) sd-a melen | ruling the land art thou, 
[ ] ¢En-lil-da [ ] along with Enlil, 

[ ‘| En-lil-lé melen | of Enlil art thou. 


Nu-tug-nirra: “the prince invested with splendor” or “the 
prince of the shining weapon” is probably an epithet of Nin-ura¥. 
ones reac a AE a ui tat Cee 


1 Gibtu, tukultu, Br. 9433-4. 


84 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION 


CBC. 4563! has a “Nu-nam-nir. Nam-nir-ra means: nobility 
(etellutu), gis-tug-nir: the great weapon (kakku). The god 
simply called “Nu-nir, is no other than Ninuras Sa mihri,” the 
god of fight and storm. The element tug may be dispensed with 
as we learn from the name of ‘Nu-mu&-da? or “Nu-tig- 
mué-da,‘ the god of Kazallu,® a serpent god®(P). 


Novs2 eG Boi4i0e 


A contract for partnership (tab-ba), dated on the month of 
Tagritu, on the 18th year that followed the capture of Isin by 
Rim-Sin: 

il | | hes 


ki U-bar*! [Samas] with Ubar-Sama8, 
nig-ga the property 
a-na-me-alrt (2) | all he has .. 

tab-ba shall be in partnership. 


The round circle or mark on the tablet may be a substitute 
of the seal.’ 7 


Nosgat GBomi4icd 
A lease for land on the 5th year after the capture of Isin. 


Gan | *"'Sin-ta-a-a-ar The field of Sin-tajar, 

| [-li-a-pi-li-im Hiawilim, 

nam-bi-an-ma® $u-ub-ta-an-é under year term, holds it by lease. 
Ka-Ser mu 1 kam The rent for 1 year 

igi q gal 5 Se ku babbar shall be 14 shekel+5 grains of silver, 
¥a(g)-ga ne-ib-du(g)-ga being satisfied at heart. 

en-na-an-Su Up to that day, 

gan-bi ni-ga he shall cultivate the field 

apin-bi ni-ga and irrigate it. 


1 PBS. X, 2, No. 9. 

2 Br. 1997. 

3 CBS. 4577 (Lancpon, PBS. X, 2.). 

4 OBI. 125, obv. 8. 

eCLING se Baga-9Nu-mu&-da, patesi of Kazallu. 

6"Siru. Serpent god on seal cylinders: De CLercg, Cat. No. 141. 

7Cf. A. T. Cray: Seals and Their Substitutes, BE. X1V. pp. 12-13: ststktu. 
8 Sattu, Br. 2186. Cf. Mu-an-na. 


LEON LEGRAIN—HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 85 


INOS Ame D Saal A E70 


Receipt for 4 shekels of silver borrowed for six months at a 
rate of 20 per 100 interest. The document is dated on October, 
and the money shall be repaid on May of the following year. 
Four witnesses and two seal impressions. The seals may have 
belonged to Sinnutum and Burmama, the two parties to the 
contract. One is drawn in full and shows the fight of Gilgames 
with bulls, lions and a devouring dragon. Small figures of a 
crouching lion, turtle, fly, human head, etc., fill the vacant space, 
A short inscription devotes it to Sama’. The next seal pressed 
on the edge of the tablet shows a figure of the god Martu, with 
short garment, turban and mace. 

The date formula commemorates the occupation of Dur 
Damigq-ili3u by Rim-Sin. The overthrow of Isin is a much 
controverted question.' The longer formula as published by 
Thureau-Dangin? says that Rim-Sin captured :“‘the city of 
Damiq-ilisu and the people of Isin.’”’ More than 30 years of 
Rim-Sin’s reign were dated from that event. 


4 gin ku-babbar 4 shekels of silver. 
mas 10 gin 2 gin ta-am Interest for every 10 shekels, 2 shekels 
dab-hi-dam shall be added. 
ki *Sin-nu-tium ta From Sinnutum, 
| Bair’' Ma-ma Bur-Mama, 
Su-ba-an-ti has received it. 
Iti sig-a ka On the month of Simanu 
sum-mu-dam It shall be paid. 
igi *' Sama’ 4En-lil-lé Witness: Sama’-Eniilla, 
igi Im-gu-tum Imgutum, 
igi"! Sin-ma-gir Sinmagir, 
1gt I lu-ma-an-sum Ilumansum, 
[ti gis-apin-gab-e Month of Warah-samna, 
mu "Ri-im “Sin lugal-e Year in which King Rim-Sin 
Bad *'Da-mi-ig-i-li-[¥u] occupied the city of 
mu-un-da-dir Damigq-iliSu. 


a 
1 Full study by A. T. Cay, YOS.'I, pp. 35-40. 
2 RA. VIII, 81. 


86 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION 


No. 55. 


CBS. 7196 


Semitic letter, or record of accounts at the time of the 1st 
dynasty of Babylon. Delivery of goods: garment, silver, wool, 
sheep, grain from and to Larsa, Nippur, Al-Ili-idinnam as salary 
to an employee, by the hands of responsible agents (gir). A 


receipt was required. 


1[ ] Siqlu kaspr 
I-nu|-um-ma 18-tu] Larsam*™ ma il-li-ku 
gir’ | |-bu-nim 

1 subatu | ] Nin 4 


1 subatu gir [U-bar] ¢Lu-luv? 
1 subatu Sarru [ | bi-ni 1-na 
Larsam™ ma 
id-di-nu_ [-Sum| 
1 subatu 1 sabutu lum-za,? 10 Siqlu 
[kas pi] 
ro immeré 1 gur 7d [Se | : 
gir U-bar ¢Lu-lu u | ] “Samas 
1 subatu [ | 
napbar 9 [Siqlu kaspt| 6 subaté 
11 immeré 1 gur Zid Se 
an-nu-um $a a-na Lar\|sam*™ | ub-lu-Sum 
1 subatu 150 Se ta-am [ itu] S kam 


i-nu-um-ma 15-tu Larsam™ ma 

a-na al [-li-i-din-nam™ ub-lu-Sum 
girtU-bar ¢Lu-lu | 
1 subatu gir *'Sin-id-lam-gi-i5 lu-tig 


10 ma-na Sipate is-tu Nibru® 
y eet a hd 4 
u-Sa-bi-15-Su 
Sa e-ri-is-tum 1-pu-su 
_ napbar 2 subate 10 mana S1pdate 


Pee silver shekel 
when he left Larsa 
agent: ... bunim 
lparmentesey. vs Nin aoe 


1 garment, agent: Ubar-Lulu. 


1 garment, Sarru ... bi-ni, in Larsam, - 


have given him 
1 garment 1 better sort garment, 10 
silver shekels 
10 sheep, 1 gur of barley flour, 
agent: Ubar Lulu and ... Samas 
lp 2arnien tees 
total 9 silver shekels, 6 garments 
11 sheep, 1 gur of barley flour. 
when I brought him into Larsa. 
I garment 150 ga of barley each one of 
8 months 
when I| brought him from Larsa 
to Al [li-idinnam 
agent: Ubar Lulu. 
I garment, agent: SinidlangiS, the 
clothier 
10 manehs of wool from Nippur, 
I let send to him 
when doing the plantation; 
total: 2 garments, 10 manehs of 
wool, 


1 Allaku, Sipru. 
2 4 Sar-Marad-da. 


3 Several qualities: lum-za: du, Sig, 3 and 4 kam uS; and several forms: bar-ttg lum-za, 
lum-za $a(g)-ba, lum-za nig-ib, lum-za su(d)-a lugal, lum-za-gi, tig-a-su-lum-za. 


* Ba’u. 


LEON LEGRAIN—HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 


150 Se ta-dm itu 8 kam 


Sa 13-tu Larsam* il-li-kam 
ad-di-nu-Sum 
Su-ti-a Nu-ur “da.. ta(?) 

1 subatu 5 Siqlu kaspi nu-ka-az-di ... 


% Siqlu kaspi E-bi gif-ma-nu-uk .. 


Sa be-li-su-nu i-na pu-su .. 
1d-di-nu-Sum. 


No. 56. 


Fragment of a list of accounts. 


87 


150 (qa) of barley each one of the 8 
months 
when he left Larsam, 
I gave unto him. 
Receipts from Nir 
I garment, 
Nukazdi . 
¥ silver shekel of EhigiSmanuk .. 
which their masters as guaranty 
have given him. 


6 silver shekels of ~ 


CBS. 34 


Mercenaries sent (?) to 


Sippar to work on granaries and lodging there. The date is the 


5th year of Ammiditana. 


OBVERSE 


A(?) ]-bi-ti agruti ka-ri(?)-um 
] Sa t-na Sippar*™ wa-as-bu 

| \* Adad-Sar-rum mar Na-ab-lu- 

nim-ilu 

[ mar Ia-ab-ri-hu 

[ ! ]2 gin pa Ni-id-nu-um(?) 

[ ! ] Ka-bi-e-ra-ab 

[ ] 2 gin pa Ka-bi-e-ra-ah .... 

[ 

[ 


py 


! | I-bi *Samas 


|-t2 Ka-si-e mar I-ba-[ | 
| pa Mu-ti a-ra-mu 
| sab-ta kaspa im-hu-ru 


List (?)! of mercenaries for granaries 
who are lodged in Sippar. 
Adad8arrum son of Nablunim-ilu 


Ibi-Sama’_ son of Iabribu 
2 shekels(?), clerk Nidnum, 
Kabierah, 
2 shekels(?) clerk Kabierah 
.. ti-Kasi son of Iba... 
... Clerk Muti-aramu 
. of the workmen(?) have received 
the money. 


[ |-st-dam la il-li-[ Pt eee have not gone(?r).. 
REVERSE 

[ | sab-ta e-ne(?) ud il-li{ |] ... of the workmen when .... 

[ ] a-na agruti..... [ ] ... to the mercenaries 

[ |-la-ba Su-ba-ti(?) | Pee ey received. 

WO OrTuliie. hak 40 mercenaries ..... 


SS a a a tl hI A el la St a Se DS 


1 Abitu: decision. Ebitu: dwelling. 


88 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION 


CBS. 469 


Fragment of a clay cone in shape of a nail. Restoration of 
the temple E-babbar of Sippar, at the time of the 1st dynasty ; 
of Babylon, probably the 18th year of Samsu-iluna. 


jw. a ey ©, 948) © 


mu-un-na-| 
bar-ra | 

Zimbir [F* | 

uru-bi-ta ki-Su-gi | | 

bad-bi ni-libir [ | 

é babbar-ra 

ki-bi Su-gi-gi-de 

‘u-nir gi-unt-na 
mab-a-ni 

sag-bi an-dim 
il-i-de 

4Babbar ¢Sti-nir-da-ir 

ki-dur azag-ne-ne-a 

bad nig-bul-bul-la-bi-su 
tu(r)-tu(r)-de 

ka-gar “Babbar(?) ma-da-na 

ne-in-du (g)-ga-a 

ud-bi-a 

ur-sag dun “Babbar 

nam-gal 4En-zu-ge 

Zimbir™ é babbar-ra 

mu-ni-1n-tar-ra | | 

bul-la-dim 

gir(?) ma-na-ni | | 

é-ne-in | | 


eeeeee 


dumu(?) lugal? | 
kur gu [ 


CoLuMN | 


the lord ... 

the divine ... 

had... 

away... 

in Sippar .. 

in the city, he restored, 

its wall had decayed, 

the temple Ebabbar, 

in order to restore; 

his august ziggurat 

where he has his shrine, 

in order to raise 

its head unto heaven; 

for Sama’ and Aa, 

in their magnificent abode, 

in order to lead them within the walls 
where they rejoice, 

where the message of Sama are 

conveyed to his land; 

in that day, when 

the valiant hero Sama’ 

the great dignity of Sin(? or Enlil) 

at Sippar in Ebabbar, 

partook, 

in sign of rejoicing 

were sent(?) ... 

the temple .... 


CoL_umn_ II 


LEON LEGRAIN-——HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 89 


No. 58. CBS. 8288 


Semitic letter. 


A-na Liu-ga-a 

ki-bi-ma 

um-ma Sumi-i-li-ku .. 

4Fy-lil u 4Nin-lil 

li-ba-al-li-tu-ka 

60 karpat Samni' a-Sa-ri-da 

a-na Babili™ i-sakipir ...(?) 
si-pu? is-su [ri?| 1-na Nibrul*] 
Su-bi-i-ma [ ] 1-ka-al 
1-bi za-at [ | zt-ta-ad(?) | 


Time of the 1st dynasty of Babylon. 


To Luga 

speak: 

So says Sumi-iliu 

May Enlil and Ninlil 

grant thee life. 

60 pots of first quality oil(?) 

to Babylon have been ... 

nets(?) or birds(?) in Nippur, 

send and ... he shall be able(?) 
command ... he shall give(?) 


Noes On ae boet1212 


A date formula perhaps of 26th year of Hammurabi or 26th 


of Samsuiluna: 


mu dag gir-ka-gal-la ba-tum. 


Year when the stone: “sword of great 
command” was brought up. 


No. 60. CBS. 8359 
List of gods and their votive offerings or personal emblems?. 
[ | BONES IE Bon lye ae aoe aes to Nusku 
[ ] Soe te ANd cen oaks f to Ea 
[ | RIN In-Urasme Gl Pee as to Ninib 
gu(d) udu 4Pa-gibil-sag bull, sheep to Pagibilsag 
gu(d) sig-su(?)3 dE inu. bull, twisted wool(?) to ASnan. 


1Or kardénu: wine; kurunnu: sesame-wine. 
Sibu: tocatch. Sipt Sa issurt, SAI. 7685. 


2 Sipu: matting (or squeeze, mould?). 
3 Or sal-d3-qar? 


90 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION 


udu-gal Dun-sd(g)-ga ram to Dun Sagga 

sig babbar kid babbar “Nin-me-tag' white wool, white linen to Nin-metag 
gu(d)-ur? gu(d) 4Babbar bull from park(?), bull, to Babbar, 
amar amar-ur 4Nanna(r) young dogs to Nanna(r) 
gi(?)3 ¢Innina cane reed(?) to Innina 

dub azag ¢Nidaba metal tablet to Nidaba 
dalla(?) ki(?)ga* ‘4Sn-par-gam-si(?) a... to Supargam si5 
[ | 4INin-bar-azag-ga, ..... to Ninbarazag 

[ | INin-ka-St pee to Ninkasi® 

[ ] Tlaymere hte eae ee to Immer. 


No. 60-8 CBS514217 


Ruling of the yearly supply of food and drink offering in 
the temple of Nusku (?) at Nippur (?) by order of King Ham- 
murabi in the 35th year of his reign. Regular morning and 
evening sacrifices seem to be provided for, as well as some 
special circumstances and feasts. In the 31st year of his reign 
Hammurabi most probably conquered South Babylonia down to 
Larsa and Ur, and drove Rim-Sin away. Restoration and 
endowment of temples was part of the traditional politics. By 
so doing, the legitimate king secured the protection of the god 
and confirmed his power. The last column gave a list of priests 
and officials of the temple, with an account of their daily allow- 
ance. 


CoLumn | 


Dub Suku(m) Su-gi-[na™ | Tablet of the regular meat (offerings) 
Sa é ANusku(?) ] of the temple of Nusku(?) 

Sa(g) mu 1 kam? within 1 year, 

Sa Sarru t-ki-in-nu which the king has established, 

arah Simanu um 20 kam : the 2oth of Simanu, 


1 Nun-me-tag: gasam, abkallu. 

2 Me-ninnt? 

8 Or Sal-sil: she-lamb. 

Or: gun-nag-ga, libation vase. 

> Cf. “Umun-sa-par, Br. 8805. 

6 Cf. LaNGpon, PBS. X, 2, No. 9, p. 143. 

™Cf. Udu Su-gi-na, AO. 5478 (RA. VIII, p. 82); CT. IV, 31°. " Offering for the time of 
the new-moon, the full-moon, the end of the month. 

§ Cf. ana Sattuk umim 1, ana pasSur Sama’, Urumu, d), SAK. p. 162. 


LEON LEGRAIN—HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS Ol 


mu ™Ha-am-mu-ra-bi lugal 
ka “En-lil-lé ta 

bad Ma-ri* 
mu-un-gul-u-la 

1 udu-ui-num-gum 

1 ba sig 

70. (qa) zid-sag 

6 ga zid gum gar-sal 

12 ga id kal 

& 94 5 gin a-tir 

15 gin 7a-mi-du-um? sar 


[ ' ]-ug sar. 


1 qa[ 

I qa 10 gin [ 

6% gin 14 [-nun ] 

a-na kam-a3* egli 13 bur-gi* 


2 pes ab-ba ha-si(g)® 

5 qakas sig 

10 (ga) zid gum 

20 (ga) kas du si-gar ha 


Suku(m) ud te-na ud gi(g) ba® 


2 munsub’ udu 

2 ga gar sag 

I ga gar zid-gum 

I qa gar gal 

I gam gar 14-de-a 14-nun 


the year when King Hammurabi 
by order of Enlil | 
destroyed the 

walls of Maer. 

1 slaughtered large grazed sheep. 
1 fine fish 

70 qa of choice flour, 

6 qa of pounded flour, women food 
12 qa of coarse flour, 

55 gin of a-tir! 

15 gin of samiru? plante 


CoLumn II 


pee oe ae Nee plante. 

L.Qa.. 

I qa 1ogin.. 

61% gin of fine butter .. 

for the .... of the field: “‘the 13 
Dots ae 


2 big sea fishes, dried up fishes, 


5 qa of choice drink 

10 qa of pounded flour, 

20 qa of common drink, for the locks, 

food for the twilight, for the verging 
night 

2 sheep skins 

2 qa of fine food, 

1 qa of pounded flour, 

1 qa of grand food, 

1 gam of food besmeared with oil, and 
butter 


oe e es we 


A Sasqu flour, SAI. 11325, 11445. ¥ 
Cf. gt} 7a-mi-ri-tum, MyiRMan, BE. III, No. 76, 1. 22. And samru: TOY. 


3 Kam: érésu. Cf. Har, and kamatu. 

“Or bur-zi: sabbaru. 

5 HaSalu, maSalu, dried up, split open. 

® Cf. Le temps des rots d’Ur, pp. 42-43. 
‘Ibid., p. 42: tab+subur-tu, Sartu. 


Q2 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION 


1 bur [-g1 .. 

1 ba sig [.. 

12 bur-gi .. | 

21% qa kas | 
Suku(m) ud te-na | 
2 munsub udu [ 

1 ga gar vid g-[um 
1 gam gar-14|-de-a 
2 | 


a 0° 00 L# 2 


88% qa | 

118 ga [ 

2 (gur) 218 ga ga 
Suku(m) Su-gi-na mu 2 kam 
15-tu 6 udu 

3 (gur) 84% ga 4 gin 


1% ga ka-lum 3 ga ka-lum ni(?)-tuk 


5 ga g gin 1a-nun 

5% qa 1a-gis 

& qa 4 gin ga-bar 

= ga 4 gin lugal-é-a 

1% qa ma-+ gunu [ | 


0.6 @ us'9) t) eae 


|-nar-sa 
[3 qa ? ]-3 bur-gi 
6 nin-dingir 
1 ga 1 bur-gi 
1 ga kaS dumu-sal 
li-dingir-ra 


CoLumNn III 


1 pot of .. 

1 fine fish .. 

12 pots of .. 

2% qa of drink ... 

food for the twilight .. 

2 sheep skins 

1 qa of food, pounded flour, 

1 gam of food besmeared with oil ... 
2 | 


CoLuMN V 


8814 qa . 

L1owda ae 

2 gur 218 qa of fat (cheese?) 
regular food for 2 months 
moreover 6 sheep: 

3 gur 84% qa 4 gin, 

11% qa of dates, 3 qa of dates .. 
5 qa 9 gin of butter, 

514 qa of sesame oil | 

59 gin of pressed (P) cheese. 

59 gin, when the king goes out 
¥% qa of ma+gunu ... 


la) eee) S80) 6) Oe 


<7 Vela the singers .. 

3 qa 3 pots .. 

6 priestesses. 

I qa 1 pot 

1 qa of drink to the daughter 
of the priest. 


The sheep skin (Sartu: munSub) as part of the regular offer- 
ings helps toward a better understanding of two difficult terms 


a 


LEON LEGRAIN—HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 93 


in the Drehem texts: mu-du-lum and tab+subur-tu.: The 
Yale syllabary? knows several signs composed with: wool, szg. 

1. sig+lam, No. 182-185: bakit (Se): pasasu (Se5); Sikinnu 
(Stken); mudulu, kirétu (adkin). 

2. sigt+lam+subur, No. 186-187: ittutti (aS); Sartu (mim- 
Sub). 

The second sign is identical to tab+subur of the Drehem 
tablet. Tu is a phonetic complement, inviting to a reading Sartu 
or tttutu: skin, and presage. It is interesting to find fleece and 
omina so closely connected. We had already noted how the 
sign resembles the sign for presage (uzu: purussu) in the code 
(XXVII, 27). The skin could be used as a leather bottle for 
libation (tab+subur a-bal). 

The,term mu-du-lum is no other than the tst sign (No. 185) 
of the Yale Syllabary. It is explained by the word kirétu; a 
feast, a banquet, which gives a very good sense in all the texts 
where we find it. 7 


No. 62. CBS. 14236 


Enigmatic little fragment. List of names of the Cassite 
period, which look like a list of years. 
mu 1 Immeru be-li-ta-din 
mu Lul-lu-ba-a-i dub-sar 
mus Apil ! Zér-ub-la 
mu Ma-la-hi-e 
mu ! [-li-kil-la-an-ni 
[mu] Nu-bu-bi-i-a Sa-a .. 


INGTO30 UC DOwTA124 


Business document: A retiring man (nig-Sid til-la) is hand- 
ing over 1 gur 30 qa of grain (Se-gab) to Damu-eribam (in-tuk), 
in presence of 2 witnesses. The date may be the 7th or 27th of 
King Samsu-iluma: 

mu nig bar-bar-ra_ gur-gur*-ra 
1 Le temps des rois d’Ur, p. 42. 


7A. T. Cray, YOS. I, p. 89. 
5 Kamdaru, Br. 6111. 


04 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION 


No. 64. CBS. 14198 


Legal document. Selling members of the family and the 
slaves of Sama&-daian, to cover his debts(?). The scene is at 
Nippur. The archivist Kidinnum Enlil takes an active part in 
it. We gain a fair estimate of the value of the human person, 
based on a gold standard. 


[ ] Ses-a-ni 10 gin [guSkin ..... his brother for 10 gold gin 
dim 
[ ]-bi Ses-a-ni 10 gin [gus- —....... bi his brother for 10 gold gin 
kin-dim 
[ |-bi dumu-a-ni 5 gin gus- ..... bi his son for 5 gold gin 
kin-dim 
[ gil-|sa dam-a-ni 5 gin guxkin- ... gilsa his wife for 5 gold gin 
dim 
[ ]-ab-ki-ra-be dumu-sal-a-ni 5 —_—«... abkirabe his daughter for 5 gold 
gin guskin-dim gin : 
[ | &Sin-lu-ud-lul dumu-sal-a-ni .. Sin-ludlul his daughter for 5 gold 
5 gin guskin-dim gin | 
{ ] Rag-gab *'Sin-bal-ti dumu-sal-a-ni Raggab Sinbalti his daughter for 5 
5 gin guskin-dim gold gin 
7 ki-in-nu Sa Sqma’-da-a-a-an_ 7 kinsfolk of Sama’-daian 
12 Sag-geme-uru 2 ma-na 19 gin 12 female and male slaves for 2 manehs 


guskin-dim 19 gin gold 
Pu-ut-ilidumu Sag*En-lil-lilugal-ne-ne_ Put-ili son of Sag Enlil their creditor, 


[ | Ki-di-ni-nu-um ¢En-lil-li pisan- .... Kidininum-Enlil archivist at 
dub-ba-a Nibrit™-a Nippur 
[ ] dumu*Nin-uras-naddin- .... son of Ninib-nadin-ahe 
abé 
[ ] Sam-til-la-bi-Su-ne-ne—.......... . for their full price. 


No, 65:":CBS2 15120 
Fragment of historical inscription (?). 


OBVERSE 
[ |-bi-lal-a ki-agag-ga dii-a— ti... built in a splendid place 
[ | ki-su-su-gar 1 tu-ri gar-gar-a_....... place of increase and sick- 
ness(?).... 
[ ] tr nig-nu-siligepi 9 Ve court for all that is weak 
[ | ¢Nin-ga-gi-a! iskim-mab is... Nin-gagia great divineress 
[ )*Eu-lil-law co See ee eee eee of Enlil. 


1 Gaghm, cloister. Cf. Ath (ni-gab) bab ga-gi-im, CT. II, 41, 1.9; IV, 49 b; VI, 44a, 1. 10. 
H. Ranke, BE. VI, 1, p. 22. The gagim of the priestess at Sippar discovered by ScHEIL. 


LEON LEGRAIN—-HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 95 


REVERSE 
[ |-nam-gu' “Immer a-ma-ru uru ... the destruction of Adad, the storm, 
Ta the tornado .. 
[ | ur-ta rim-ma .... removed from the foundation, 
[ ]-ki(?) bar-sag dag esigdag{ ] ..... the mountain of diorite stone 
of ... stone 
[ ]-na-ri ba-dar-dar-e .... purification, being destroyed. 


ING2-00:09 GBS. 15131 


Fragment of business document. There are 6 offices vacant 
in the temple of Enki and Damgalnunna: the anointer (pasisu), 
the seer (bari), the confectioner (riqqu), the Inspector (atu),? 
the “washer of the pavement”’ (kisallubu), the “vessel keeper” 
(sabharu). Two dignitaries are invested with the charge. They 
contract in presence of witnesses for a period of a year (bal- 
gub-ba). The tablet is dated’ on the 5th Segurkud, of the 24th 
year of Samsuiluna. 


OBVERSE 
Nam-sutug* nam-Sab> nam-li-sim The offices of anointer, seer, confec- 
; tioner, 
nam-ni-gab nam-kisal-luh nam-bur-sar® inspector, pavement-washer, vessel 
keeper, 


é *En-ki “Dam-gal-nun-na mu-a ud?-12 in the temple of Enki Damgalnunna, 
for the year .. 

bal-gub-ba® A-at-ta-a4Nin-urak ni-[ ] taken in charge by Atta-Ninib the . 

u ¢Nin-uraé e [ and Ninib-e ... 


ee eee ee Ae OT ie ee ne ie a dy, ta) Fg Me 


1 Habdlu. 

* Who opens the door(?). 

% Date alone published in, PBS. V, No. 99. 

‘Sign REC. 230. Cf. Ur “Su , Ur *Sul ——, Reisner, Tellob, No. 125, 141; MIO. 
Tello, No. 830. 

5 Bart $a Siri, Br. 5668. 

® Sabbaru, Br. 4339-4341, 6979: 

7 The year and 12 days, a solar year, or itu 12, for 12 months(?). 

® Bal-gub-ba is a fixed period of time (a month), opposed to bal ku-a, which may be only a 
few days. This term applies to mercenaries hired for a limited time, and not to regular servants 
and officers on yearly wages. 


96 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION 


REVERSE 


Witness Enlil ma 
Atta-Ninib 
Aplia seal-cutter, Enlilli .. 


igi °En-lil ma-[ 
igi A-at-ta-a | 
igi A-pi-li-a bur-gul igi *En-lil-li [ 


No. 67. GBS. 14179 


Legal document. Exchange (bal) of property, 3 acres 
against 4 and 3 silver shekels indemnity (Su-ri-a: rama). The 
old field is acquired by the king, probably Hammurabi, in order 
to make a cemetery. The tablet is dated on Sabat of his 33rd. 
year. 


Mu 3 gan a-Sa(g) zag-ga ba-an-gub Concerning 3 acres of field ‘‘standing 


sib-ta mu nam-uru-gal-sn 
nig Ilu-iddinam 
lugal-e Su Ilu-iddinam 


ab-ta-é 
ana *Sin-i5-me-nt 
u **Sin-e-ri-ba-am 
dumu-me [b-ku-iStar Ses-a-ni 
4 gan a-Sa(g) gibil-la 
us-a-du **Nanna(r)-a-a 
uu 3 gin kut-babbar 
Su-ri-a-b1 
ana Ilu-iddinam-ra 
in-na-an-bal 
igi Ap-lum dumu *Sin-ligis 
igi *'Nin-uras mu-Sa-lim 
dumu Li *Ba-h 
igt *'Sin-ib-du-um 
dumu Na-bi “Sin 
igi I-bi ‘Samak uku-us pa-te-si 


dumu Im-gu-ru-um 
igi I-li-ip-pa-al-za 

dumu [beda-tum 
igi A-pi-il-ia bur-gul 

dumu Ur “Bath 


in front” 
a pasture, to use as burying ground 
property of Ilu-iddinam, 
the king, from the hands of I[lu-iddi- 

eye vai | 
has acquired. 
To Sin-iSmeni, 
and Sin-eribam, 
sons of Ibku-istar, his brother, 
4 acres of new field, 
one side along Nannaraja 
and 3 silver shekels 

as cession price 
to Ilu-iddinam 
were given in exchange. 


Witness Aplum son of Sin-ligis, 


Ninib-muSalim 

son of Lu-Bau, 

Sin-ibdum, 

son of Nabi-Sin _ 

Ibi-Sama’ head messenger of 
the patesi 

son of Imgurum 

lli-ippalza 

son of Ibdatum. 

Apilia the seal cutter 

son of Ur-Bau. 


LEON LEGRAIN—HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 


97 


No. 68. CBS. 14199 


Cassite letter. 


[ ] mar Sarri(?) 
a Sum-ma li-sa-ak-ka ta-ak-na .. 


Sa ti-du-u-ki-ma a$-Su-um-ma 
salmi-(?)ia ¢*Enlil *Nin-lil 
*Nin-uras *....En-lil(?) *Nusku .. 
du-ub-ma Sum-ma li-sa-ap-pi 
um-ma a-na ka-dan Sumeri 
Su-7i-1m-ma 

sa-li-im-ka li-ib-ba-$a-Su-um-ma 
i-na dan-na-ti Su-zu sa-bat-ma 

t-na Sa-li-im-ti li-_ il-li-ka-am-ma 


OBVERSE 


© -.@' ei ¢ ‘ee 


son of the king, 

and when he will have pressed thee 
well, : 

it shall mean battle, 

my protection (?) Enlil, Ninlil, 

Nin-ib ..., Nusku, 

be good, and when he prays 

it is to conquer Sumer; 

come out and 

he shall be thy ally, 

come out in force and hold on and 

he shall go in peace. 


[ |-ka a-na da-mi-ig-ti and he shall . .. for grace, . 
REVERSE 
hi-[ | l he shall ... 
u umma a-[na | and so for... 
Sa ra-[bi ... that is great ... 
n pal ] Su-u zu il(?)-7u and in face of. .., come out they claim. 


t-na-an-na a-na pa-ni be-li-ia-ma 


tab-ba ! U7-za An-ri-Si v [ ] 
ni-ki-im-ma An-ri-Si 

i-na-an-na i-na dan-na-am(?) be-li il-[ 
li-is-lam(?) da(?)-ik(?) li... am-ma 
pa-ni be-li-ia lu... mir(?) 


A 


u.... am-ma ana be-li-ma. 


Now it is all under the eyes of my 
master. 

The associates Uzza, Anri8i and ... 

We have taken Anri8i 

Now in the fortress the master shall .. 

and shall make alliance ... and 

in front of my master may I... 

and ... is to my master. 


O00 sn Bosal 1Ol4 


Historical letter recording the campaign of Nazimarutta8 
against Mat Namri, how he conquered 12 cities and added them 


to the dominion of Enlil. 


OBVERSE 


[ ]/ Na-zi-marad-da Sar Sarré(?) 
[ ] ! Na-zi-marad-daS Sar Sarré(?) 


... Nazi-maruttaS king (of kings?) 
... Nazi-maruttaS king (of kings?) 


98 
[ | Sa-te kal a-a'-meS $i-kar[{ — |-ri 


a-na hatti(-1)-Sal-la dar-bu-u ur | | 
al(?)-tu(?) a-na karani 
it-ta-na-as-ka-nu-ma sip-pi-s1 lu[{ | 


la i-kas-S1-du li-tum u k1-Sit-|tum.| 

gaté u Sepa(?) 
na-k1-ri-su la 1-Sak-ka-nu gas-ri 

! ‘lM arduk-mu-rim-ki apil ' Samas- 
Su-r1 
ina Su-tum(?) "Marduk beli-Su ina biti 
u-Sab-ri-ma 

gaté Enlil beli-Su ina biti $a ki-rib 
Ni-brt **(?) a¥(?) [ l 

ma-ag-ga(?)-du(?)? karani ba-at-lu 
la Sal-mu 15-Sa-lu-Su 


i-na ter-tum patri Su Sa-qu Sari é-kur Su 
nik-na-ku-su 


i-nat-tu-$i ma-la tab-ba-a a-na “En-lil 


UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION 


_.. drink of all fathers, was(?) dattel- 
wine 

to Hatti-Salla(?) offspring of (?). 

.. drink(?) in grape-wine. 

they have been brought down and its 
covering ... 

they have not been taken, victory and 
conquest of hands and ... 

his enemies shall not lay on in force. 

Marduk-murimki son of Sama&-Suri, 


in dream saw Marduk his lord in the 
temple, and 

the hands of Enlil his lord in the tem- 
ple that ... inside of Nippur .. 

a vase (offering) of wine that had 
ceased no more intact was dedi- 
cated to him, 

with the sign of his lofty spear, the 
wind of his temple ékur, of his 
censer, 

they crushed it, all whatever ap- 


un [ ]-rz(?) proached Enlil . they .... 
0 Na-zi-marad-da§ a-mat “En-lil béli Nazi-maruttaS exalted the word of 
it-ta id-ma the lord Enlil, 
alani "** $a mat Nam-ri ma-la ([ba-Su-% allcities that wereintheMat Namri... 
ina ki... rt dan|{ }: insstrong 23%. 
u-Sab [ ] he caused to... 
REVERSE 
[ ] 12 alani ™* pi-bat [ . 12 cities of the district of ... 


abet | 
a-na kan-ga-nu “En-lil béli-Su u-51k | 
du-ur da-ris 
a-na qaté En-lil mu-im-b1 bi-a-Su ri-ba 
ali gar-r1 


li-na-it bal-kid (?) karanu, dis pu, bimetu, 
inbu 
1Or: kal-abé. 
2 Cf. magdé, magaddu, magdadu. 


6,50 tS 


subjected for ever 

into the hands of Enlil, who let shine(?) 
the ruins(?) a fourth of city (for) 
destruction (?) 

he delivered (?) wine, honey, butter, 
fruits 


LEON LEGRAIN—HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 


Se-1 ma-la ba-Su-u 
Pi duppi ! “En-lil-ia-ha(?)-nu 


! Ba-zu-zu bal-tu “Enlil 
u“'Nin-lil “Ninib u Nusku 
... 1-ta-bal-Su ina-arhi-Su 
[a-na(?)| béli-$u 1-sa-tir-Su 


No. 7o. 


Business document. 
what uncertain. 
3 (gur) go (7a) Se har-ra gis-bar dingir 


Se-ba 

ki! *'Marduk-ni-zu 
! UNabii-na-din-abé ™® 
Su-ba-an-ti 
a-na um eburi su 
ni-Sam-e 
Arab Tagriti 
um 21 kam 
mu 16 kam. 
! "Nabit-nadin-ahé ™* 
1-nUu-ma 
i-na duppi ' Kur-a-zu-zu 
[ |-a-n1 ka-ni-ik 

Nose 


99 


grain, all that was there. 

According to the tablet of Enlil-ia- 
hanu(?) 

Bazuzu, alive (by?) Enlil 

and Ninlil, Ninib ‘and Nusku, 

.. has brought it, in the same month 

when it was written to his lord. 


CBS. 13880 
The date, “the 16th year,” is some- 


3 gur 9o qa of ground barley, measure 
of the god, as rations 

from Marduk-nizu 

Nabfi-nadin-ahé 

has received. 

On the day of harvesting 

he shall pay. 

Month of Ta&rit 

the 21st day, 

the 16th year. 

Nabu-nadin-ahé 

when 

on the tablet of Kurazuzu 

his seal(?) was impressed. 


CBS. 7188 


Food receipt, dated the 3rd year of Kudur-Enlil, under the 


seal of Ninib-nadin.... 


4 (gur) 10 (qa) geme gis-bar 300 qa(?). 
ak-lum barra-nu Larsam ki 

gati ! Asi Samak *Adad 

ina libbi '! Ta-zi-ik(?) 
na-as-ha-am-ma, 

ka-an-ka-sa(?)-5u 


No. 72. 
Donation. 
Na-din-tu $a ! Ti-zu “Marduk 
a-na $1-lu-u-ti i-din-nu. 


4 gur to qa of flour, measure of 300 qa 
food for the expedition of Larsa, 

into the hands of Asi-Samas-Adad 
On Tazik 

it was drawn and 

marked with his seal. 


CBS. 14203 


Donation that Tizu-Marduk 
bestowed on Siluti. 


100 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION 


1 sikkatu ... na i-si-)1 ti-ra 
i-na Satti 5 ma-lul 4En-lil 
1 ma-na Sipati 10 (qa) 14-giS ina alt 
. Larsam* 
1 ma-na Sipati 150 (qa) ina ali Nibru** 
1 lubustu kab-ru ' Nig-ba-ia dumu-a- 
ni Su 
Napbar 4, 4, % nig burasi Sa ina qatt 
! Ti-gu Marduk ! Si-lu-tu mab-ru 


No. 73. 


I peg .... to close a cover 
during 5 years to Malul-Enhil 
1 pound of wool, 10 qa of sesame oil at 
Larsa 
1 pound of wool, 150 qa at Nippur 
1 heavy garment for Nigbaia his son 


Total 4+ 14+% nig of gold belonging 
to Tiz-Marduk, Silutu has received. 


CBS. 13878 


Business document dated the 8th year of Kudur-Enlil. 


Nos 7a CBS eI4i07 
Food expense (ak-lum) by the hands (gat) of Uzipu, on the 


3rd year of Kudur-Enlil. 


No. 75. 


CBS. 15062 


Business document, dated the 1st year of Sagarakti-Suriag. 


2 eru ki-tu-u $a ma-la(?) 
2% ma-na ki-lal-b1 

Sa iktu alt Ardi-bélit 
15-Su-nim 

gati ! Amel “Marduk 

1 eru ku-tu-u 


2 copper covers, that ... 

2%% pounds their weight, 

which from the city of Ardi bélit 
they removed 

by the hands of Amel Marduk. 

1 copper vase 


Noi 76s GBS 215220 


Cassite letter. 


OBVERSE 


A-na be-li-ia qi-bi-ma 


um-ma ! **Marduk-ri-Se-Su na-ka .... 


a-na di-na-an be-li-ia lu-ul-ltk 
ana ali Sulmu v% é-dingir-ra Su-ul-mu 


Sa-ki-lum Sa-par-[ 
72 


To my master say: 

thus (speaks) Marduk-riSeSu .. 

To the justice of my master may | 
find access 

Peace to the city and peace to the 
temple. 

72 keeper of ... 


LEON LEGRAIN—HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 10! 


[ ] é ¢nir-gal nibru* .. temple of the hero of Nippur 

[ ] zm-lu ba | ] ar ga-a-ti ... have filled ... of the hand 

[ ]-ta-ka-an [| ] Se Sa-ki-li =. ......... grain of the keepers 

[ ] ba-du ¥1 [ ] su-tp-pi-in-ni_.... rejoice ... of the cover. 

[ |-ta | Wailer ft osha rein eae 

[ ] 72 [ |-di ma-a-li is‘. of the country, 

a-na abulli *En-lil al-ta-ni to the great gate of Enlil, | come again. 

2 S1-p1 [ ] Sa Rive ™S 2 fences(P) ... of orchards 

ar-ta-pi-ik | have worked up. 

20 Se-zer Sa u-il [ - | 20 measures of seeds of .... 
REVERSE 

[ | ba-ar [| | mawealterward(r). 4 

[ ] pa-te-si [ ] ¥a be-li-a ... of the patesi, ... that my master. 

[a]-na ali dim-tuk-Ses** (?) to the city of Dim-tuk Ses (?) 

9 (gur) Se-zér 3 (gur) ta-am 9 gur of seeds 3 gur at a time 

it-ta-as-su have been taken. 


WOm77iy GG BSe 15151 


Cassite letter. Culture of land. The sesame of the king 
is being ground (ba-ma-sum). The fields have been sowed 
(Se-um id-di-nu-Sum). By the sun god they shall thrive: (7-na 
di-i-in “Sama§, la i-ha-ab-ba-lu-su). 


Nomys.n CBS. 14135 


Survey of land. Plan for field irrigation about B.C. 1250. 
A total of 138 canals are cut across Eden, probably the land 
around Nippur, covering it with a regular net-work for water- 
supply. Three or four larger districts are mentioned in con- 
nection with the main canal from which the water was led to 
smaller places or villages. The district of Kar-Ninlil has a 
total of 76 new branches off the main river. The district of 
Nar eSSuti has only 12 cuts around Bit-Ellil. The name of the 
third district with its 30 branches is lost. Dated the 12th year 
of Sagarakti-Suria’. bea Rite ease 


102 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION 


OBVERSE 
napbar 30 me-e nar | ] total 30 canals of the river .. 
26 ali Diul-bu | ] ki 26 of the village(?) Dulbu, 
4 ali Kislab-bi ki 4 of Kislahbi, 
10 ali Dir **Nin-mab ki 10 of Dair-Ninmab, 
II ali Kar *'Ba-n ki 11 of Kar-Bau, 
10 ali pa-te-si™® ki 10 of ‘The patesis,”’ 
7 ali Ur-pi “En-lil ki 7 of Urpi-Enlil, 
8 ali Karri ! Kar-zi-tim ka 8 of Karri-Karzitim 
napbar 76 me-e nar pibati ali Kar Total 76 canals from the river in the 
“Nin-lil district of Kar-Ninlil. 
12 ali Bit “En-lil ki 12 of Bit-Enlil, 
me-e nar esSu-ti canals of the Nar-eSSuti. 
Su-nigin 138 har git-ma-lu-u-tum, Total 138 canals completely cut cover- 
wa-pa-lim edin-na ing the plain. 


No&7os Ch owi4270 


Business document dated the 1st year of Nabu Sum(?)- 
ukin-nu(?). 


No. 80.2 “CBS, 141007 


A Nippur gold treasure in the 5th year of Nazi-marutta8. 
The tablet is not complete. There must be an interval of four 
or five lines between the two portions preserved. The left 
corner is broken off. The tablet 1s a catalogue of over 125 
jewels in gold and precious stones, chalcedony, lapis-lazuli, 
agate, etc. They rank from caskets all gold, or with stones in- 
laid, down to necklaces, bracelets, anklets, seal-cylinders in gold 
mounting, eyes of stone in gold mounting, breastplates, earrings, 
tablet mould and tongue of gold. They were brought from 
Nippur and Dur-Kurigalzu into Ardi-Bélit. The two last named 
places seem to have been parts of the same city of Nippur. The 
tablet does not state under what circumstances the removal was 
made. 

The royal treasure was likely preserved in the temple. The 
king was the Sakkanakku of the god, entrusted with his seal, 
and disposing of his property. The same jewels are frequently 


LEON LEGRAIN—HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 103 


mentioned in royal despatches. They agree in form and ma- 
terial with what we know of the Cassite period. Some of them 
have been excavated! near the temple of Enlil at Nippur, 
covered with inscriptions that make certain the name and plety 
of the kings. They were all votive objects in form of discs, 
scepter knobs, tablets, axes, rings, seal cylinders and eyes. They 
were presented to Enlil, Ninlil, Ninib, Nusku, by Kurigalzu and 
his successors. The collection included all sorts of precious 
material: agate, lapis-lazuli, magnesite, feldspar, ivory, tur- 
quoise, malachite, amethyst, gold and porphyry. 

Should we try to realize the historical background of the 
present tablet, we may bear in mind the following facts. Nippur 
was ruined by an Elamite invasion at the time of Kastiliasu, 
about B.C. 1250. This king is the last mentioned in the 
collection of votive objects preserved in the temple. No Cassite? 
tablets have been found in Nippur that antedate Burnaburia§, 
about B.C. 1380. He is the best known correspondent of the 
Egyptian kings, anxious to secure gold for the temple work and 
exchange gifts and jewels. Now, we must not forget that the 
Cassite kings brought a foreign rule into Babylonia, but got 
only by degrees the control of the whole land. We know for 
example, that: “King Kurigalzu, having conquered the country 
of the sea, added Babylon and Borsippa unto his country’’—a 
sure proof that he did not rule them before. This same king did 
build in Nippur, probably, his residence at the time, a palace or 
fortress named after him: Dur-Kurigalzu. It was connected 
with old Nippur by a stone dam or canal, that passed likewise 
by Ardi-Bélit. Kurigalzu was succeeded by his son Burna- 
buriaS. Both of them were strong kings, allies and relatives of 
the kings of Egypt. But soon after them, the growing power of 
Assyria brought trouble into the land. The Assyrian king, 
Assur-uballit, following up the usual matrimonial policy, gave 

1 The largest collection was discovered by Dr. PETERS in 1890. The store room for keeping 
treasures and gifts was discovered by Haynes in the S. E. wall of the fortified enclosure. It 


was a cellar 36 X 1114 feet and 814 feet deep, dating from Ur-Engur, and covering an older 


one 2 feet below. 
SAgie CLAY, DE. ALV; XV;. H, RApDAU, BE. XVII, 1, 


104 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION 


his daughter as a wife to the son and heir of Burnaburia’. The ' 


Cassites resented the intrusion, revolted and killed the prince, 
which fact brought the Assyrian armies down into Babylonia 
with the object of extending the Assyrian protectorate over 
the country. 

The correctness of this view is confirmed by an Assyrian 
document of Adad-nirari great-grandson of Assur-uballit, and 
likely contemporary of Nazi-maruttaS under whose reign our 
tablet was compiled. Adad-nirari claims for himself and his 


father the title of priest of Enlil. That means that the Assyrian 


rule was to a certain extent acknowledged in Nippur. But the 
ereat-father not having extended his dominion so far south is 
simply priest of ASur, fighting the rebellious Cassite, and the 
great-grand-father, Assur-uballit, has only a vague title of priest 
of the gods.. The extreme southern limit of that fight for greater 
Assyria is given by Adad-nirari himself as “from Lubdi and 
Rapiqu.”” And the Assyrian king claims that he did restore the 
ruined Cassite cities. We know in fact that under the successor 
of Nazi-marutta’: KadaSman-Turgu, the tower of Nippur 
temple underwent a thorough repairing. Curiously enough 
that very name—or city—Lubdi, is mentioned in the tablet 
along with jewels removed from or out of it. It looks as if 
storing them in safe Ardi-Bélit was a good precaution in the 
troubled days of Nazi-maruttas. 


% 


OBVERSE 


Du-ul-li burasi $a Nippuri a Dar- Gold work from Nippur and Dfr- 


Ku-ri-gal-[qu ° Kurigalzu, 
$a a-na “Ardi-Bélit ina °° Sabdti brought into Ardi-Bélit, in the month 
of Sabat, 
$a Sanat 5"*" Na-zi-[ma-ru-ut-ta-a$ the 5th year of King Nazi-marutta$ 
Sarrt 
1 kutallu burdsi ga-na-ad-du: °*"ukni 1 casket of gold with a cover of lapis- 
tam-lu-4 °°" lazuli and a bottom of ... stone, 
2 kutallé hurasi qu-up-pa-tum? 2 caskets of gold coating, 
1 Gananu. 
2 Subatu. 


=e 


LEON LEGRAIN—HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS | 105 


1 e-rum hurast Sa har-ba-ga-ni 1 
a-a-ra-ni °°*"ka-ni-[ 
1 e-rum bhurasi Sa ga-na-an-di 5 iné 
musgarri' ra-ki-[ 
5 e-rum burast gu-up-pu-tum 14%4[Siglu 
Sugulti 
7 KI-SUHUR ar-ma-ti? burasi II 
Siglu [ 
2 KI-SUHUR? pu-gut-ti burasi 14 
Siglu [ 
1 KI-SUHUR pu-gut-ti ga-ba-al-Su 
[ ] zi-na-ti [ 
2 HAR-SU4 burasi Sa ip-pi-[ 
[ | burasi gu-up-pu-[tum | 
3 Siglu [ 
2 HAR-[GIR ] 
2 **"*kunukké parri [ 
2” "kunukké ukni ib-zu burasi [ 


1 "kunukku musgarri ib-cu burdsi [ 


5 NUNUZ-IN*™ parré rabati [ 

7 ines” parri a-di 1 lu-li da-ni-tum’ 
ib-zu [burds1 

aban 


6 née” parri sibrati la ib-zu | 


4 ine” musgarri th-zu burasi [ 
11 bi-ir-su8 muXgarri adi 6 ka-ak-ki 

ni-du [| 
2 tu-di-it-ti9”” ukni [ 


1 Br. 7642. 
2 Erimtu, arimtu. 


1 box of gold with vultures(?) and 
eagles in ... stone (inlaid). 
1 box of gold the cover of which has 
5 eyes of agate stone inlaid, 
5 boxes of gold coating, 14% shekels 
in weight 
7 necklaces in form of chain of gold, 
11 shekels .. 
2 necklaces in form of thorns of gold, 
14 shekels .. 
1 necklace in form of thorns, with a 
pendant ... | 
2 bracelets of gold with fruits(?) ..., 
. of gold coating ..., 3 shekels . ., 


2 anklets [of gold ..., 

2 seal cylinders of chalcedony (?)...., 

2 seal cylinders of lapis lazuli with 
gold mounting, 

1 seal cylinder of agate with gold 
mounting, 

5 necklaces of large chalcedony stones, 

7 eyes of chalcedony stone together 
with a dainty coat of mail in a 
gold mounting, 

6 eyes of small chalcedony stone, no 
mounting, 

4 eyes of agate with gold mounting 

11 cut (hilt or ring?) agate stones to- 
gether with 6 arms ... 

2 breastplates of lapis lazuli ... 


3 Kimmatu, kinazu, Samatu. Dog collar, REIsNER, Tellob, No. 229-230. Maninnu, KB. 


VI, p. 176, 1. 169. 
4 Semir qatéSa u SepéSa. 


5 Sust, Br. 8183. Nakamtu ¥ust. Cf. JENSEN, KB. VI, p. 82, Z. 48. 

6 BE. XVII, 1, No. 26 and HitprecnT note, ibid:-p--118, n--11.- Zadim dag-bar-gul-gul, 
REISNER, Telloh, No. 140, 149, 154, 156. Gud. Cyl. A, XVI, 27. 

7 Lu-lu-um-tum and da-ni-tum: nablaptu tabaz. 


8 Harasu. 
9 Dudinate Xa irti¥a. 


106 


2 tu-di-it-ti °°” muSgarri [ 
8 in-za-ap-ti ba-Se-e' hurast 

8 in-za-ap-ti ?°"ukni 

1 §a-an? dup-pi °"parri la ib-zu 


1 li-Sa-nu3 $a hurdsi russ1 


napbaru sa Nippurt kt 


UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION 


2 breastplates of agate .... 
8 earrings of compact gold, 
8 earrings of lapis lazuli, 
1 tablet mould of chalcedony, no 
mounting, 
1 tongue of russet gold, 
total from Nippur; 


REVERSE 


1 kutallu burdst russ 1% ma-na Suqulti 


2 e-ru hurast russ a-di Sa 15-tu 

Lu-ub-di*...... ra 15 Siclu Sugulti 
ze-ru burasi pisi 11 Siglu Sugulti 

3 KI-SUHUR ar-ma-ti huras: russ 
10% Siqlu Suqulti 

2 KI-SUHUR ar-ma-ti burasi rus%1 
10 Siglu Suqulti 
2 HAR-SU burdési ru<ti ab-bi ta lu-t 
17% “aqlu Suqulti 


1 HAR-GIR burasi rus¥i_— 2 Siqlu [ 
napbar $a Dar-Ku-ri-gal-zu qat 
! Sa-bar | 
5 e-ru burasi russi gu-up-pu-tum [ 
1 HAR-SU burdsi ru8%i qu-up-pu-tum [ 
1 HAR-GIR burasi russ1 7u-up-pu- 
tum | 
11 NUNUZ-IN °°" parri ©°"musgarri 
Bree te 
[(napbar] ! **Nin-uras-ri-zu [ 
[ ] burasi qu-up-pu-tum [ 
10 | : J 
arah Sabati im 25 *™ 
Satti 5 "om 
Na-qi-ma-ru-ut-ta-aS Sarr 
1 Haka: entrails. 
? Sanu. 
+ Nabd. 33, 1. 
4 BE. XVII, 1, No. 99, 6. 


1 casket of russet gold 4% maneh in 
weight, 

2 boxes of russet gold together with 
one .... from Lubdi, 15 shekels 
in weight, 

3 boxes of pale gold 11 shekels in 
weight, 


3 necklaces in form of chain of russet 
gold, 10% shekels in weight, 
2 necklaces, idem,1oshekelsin weight, 


2 bracelets of :usset gold,witha facirg 
in shz pe of a bull, 17% shekels in 
weight, , 

1 anklet of russet gold, 2 shekels __., 

total from Dar-Kurigalzu, from the 
Handiofimabarewer 

5 boxes of russet gold coating ... 

1 bracelet of russet gold coating ... 

1 anklet of russet gold coating ... 


11 necklaces of chalcedony, agate, 
5.... stones, 
total from Ninib-rizu. 
cnniae ea of gold coating .. 
10 
Month of Sabat, the 25th 
of the 5th year 


of King Nazimarutta$ 


LEON LEGRAIN-——-HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS 107 


No. 81. CBS. 2350 


Fragment of a barrel-shaped cylinder of Sargon(?) II of 
Assyria, that seems to establish his activity in Babylonian, and 
specially in Nippur reconstruction. 


[ |-nim-ma(?) .... he captured(?) and 
[ |-zér-matati mat 1-bi-lu-ma[. .... the land he governed and 
[ | Se-pu-us-Su .... Under his feet. 
[ é-sag]-il u Babi'u* .. Esagil and Babylon, 
[ |] mu-kin sat-tuk-ku ... fixing the offering 
[ Babilli** sa-li-ib-Su-u ... Of Babylon, its outer wall 
[ ]-%@ Su-bat-su Rigs , Its dwelling 
[ usum|-gal kalam-ma t-tir-i-ma _... the great .. of the land, he re- 
stored and 
[ | da-ra-a-lt a: ... eternal, 
[ ]ul-tu —siki-rib ™“ASSur** —d.. out of Assur, 
[ ] Su-nu 1s-gu-ri-Su-un .... there he proclaimed them 
[ ] ma-ha-s1 rabuti”” Be OTCAt 2.5 
[ wS5-te-]-Si-ru Su-lub-bu ... her ordered purifications 
[| mar(?) ' Sarukin Sar" A88ur* ... Sargon king of Assur 
[ ] nu Akkadi* [of Sumer] and Akkad 
[ ] mt mar! A-da-ad Sar Sis... son of Adad(?) king of Assur 
mat AsSurk* 
[ |-tu-ki Sap-ti-a-a  —t.. of my lips 
[ lil?] bél matati bél-1a $a Sar Enlil(?) lord of the countries, my lord 
ma-ki-i .. who a king of destruction(?) 
] Leaf AliMose ela, eve 6 the, Walls 


cigs 2a 950137073) 13°700 


Two copies of a legal document: adjustment between 
brothers, sons of Nabu-zér-ukin. It is dated the first year of 
ASsur-e-til-lum-ilani the son of ASurbanipal. 


INGmOoA ec Don L LOA 
Fragment of omina(?), mixing up observations on stars and 
constellations with geographical names and historical events: 


Umma, Uruk and Larsa (Obv. 15); "“Akkadi, ”*Ki-su...(Obv. 
25, 26); lugal Elamti (Rev. 14, 15). 


108 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION 


Mul-gal nig-da-gi-gibil-la (Rev. 3); mul la-mi-na-ti(l)la (Rev. 5); mul 
.. . bar-gal, mul-dil-bat. . . (Rev.10,1 1); mulba.. . (Rev. 18) ; [mul]-ur-bar-ra, 
mul ki-il... (Rev. 26); [mul? ku ?]-¥e-ri Nibru™... (Rev. 27.) 


No. 85. CBS. 14204 


Business document dated the 42nd year of Ar-tah-kur-su(?), 
and bearing the seal of Gi-zu-Marduk. 


INDEX OF TABLETS 


PRESENT PRESENT PRESENT 
(SB: VoL. CBS. VoL. GBS: VOL: 
34 50 11074 84 14204 85 
469 57 12570 5 14212 59 
15206 10 12700 21 14214 41 
2268 45 12735 poe 14217 61 
2272 9 12736 as 14219 79 
2277 45 13707 83 14220 I 
2350 81 13708 82 [4223.5 2 
6142 13 13878 73 14224 3 
7095 12 13880 70 14225 4 
7188 71 13907 49 14226 14 
7196 55 14014 25 14227 15 
7820 47 14055 39 14228 17 
7830 47 14081 40 14229 16 
7848 46 14123 24 14230 6 
7849 48 14124 63 14231 7 
7874 36 14135 78 14232 8 
8234 32 14176 50 14233 22 
8235 33 14177 31 14234 20 
8241 35 14178 54 14235 1 
8242 51 14179 67 14236 62 
8255 19 14180 80 
8288 58 14181 LOlep 15062 75 
8358 26 14184 53 15060 30 
8359 60 14189 a7 15120 65 
8370 20 14190 | 52 15121 66 
8381 34 14193 28 15151 77 
8424 27 14197 74 15207 44 
9233 43 14198 64 15220 76 
9857 42 14199 68 | 


11014 69 14203 72 18188 38 


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PLATE X 


24 


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26 
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PLATE XI 


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CBS 14193 


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PLATE XIl 


OO 
OBV CBS 15066 REV 
hake SESIP ES 
Tat 
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ced = 


32 ae ee 33 


OBV OBV 


Y WW” iS see an > 


wk ED Ws pee 


<i 


wera 


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baten 


PLATE XIll 


Bear 
CBS 838! 


OBNV 


IW < on) VY Pri 54 


PSG ITF 
ful a = 


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me F OUP ‘< hi 


‘ 
Ot 6 ae 7 Pa oF 


a 
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PLATE XIV 


a iy: 
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es 


qa Sues 
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YAY y | d 760 LY | 
pty p aq Ne at fe ue 
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. ? Sieleitie me eee 
) “f Nai] Nan tts» Ka SC 
aa 


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———— oo 
= i= 
\A 


at elite mca baa caps 


PLATE XV 


OBV CBS 1408! REV 


~ 


AN 


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OBV CBS 14214 REV 


fff 0) f / y ih, t 
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| N 

; Me te : iQ i bi 9S 

es feeble ee 
tr i A 


ATE SFE | 


ay ue 


nuh 
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ht 


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OMA ‘ak AS. 
Wy y, ui sill ied ae 


MC 


ore X 
ae 
( f- vo 
THA, 
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— 


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42 
CBS 9857 


J 
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fy hey Mis Dis 
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DAH 


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f sa ra pee: se = 
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PLATE XVI 


PLATE XVII 


43 


(Gs key (8 if a Ke eed 


: op eS n _— 
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Me MY 
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44 : 

CBS 15207 


4 


= LO 
Ale tsa 
ry Oo Db DP V avy v 
sur ye ATF rN ES pica 


a Se Oe 


OBY 


45 
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EQ Nie oth] 
Nae Shei twe cline 
hy DAN BAG 

« iis rusia ir 
PPR <6 PTE stn Be Tt Ff 
PO as aS Na Dp leriadl Granh 
- 


Ry Mar. Af 
4018 


UY so 


PLATE XVIII 


7 7 1" . i - = 
jncwillslen cent wD 


—— a a ee a —s P 


bpp. — 


ii WAG iT Win 4 
; il ay Wy Moy, 


PLATE XIX 


fab ys 
CBS 7820 -7830 


1e "te ity Mf) My, i YY | 

ii, iL YW, Me Le yy uf Ai fe eT Gy 

rim Sak [Seats le: f 

S og eres AT het REE i , Me 
= ag ame : 

KY’ 1 aaa i i | A \¢ ahae om ; 

a 3 Srette 


— sant (a 


Us By 


oh ath 


Ay il 


7stte 
CBS 7849 


ck Faye YP ' Te | Y Bi By f Yi ily 
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ey | RP RRS MA Sy KY 3, 
p< pV “Ess {3 Pa eee a ne 
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, LOLS, JW , 
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bee 1/0 11 Avo 4S 

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PLATE XX 


49 
GB Ses oo 


Ly =| 
Fae HAS 
eer 


90 
CBS 14176 


my » Se ier 
IY Pott A CTY Pet 
(y= Be Ey Se Bs 

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PLATE XxX! 
52 
CBS 14190 


ay q L ue 
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EE ay, TSP aT A 
pee EY 
| ae REV 
OBV CRS 14178 pees 
(252). (Cenee 
remE= Valea lily PERRY 


-_ 
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Na 


Man te 


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t 
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ry a 7 
gle %bt Js 
re (Ae oer. a 
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J > 
4 o* 
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PLATE XxXIt 


ao 
GBSi 7/196 


Wequare eawal 
i 
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yom, i) 
saa al : ae ee AS Bey) TH 
| WIR | 
a ey) NEY 


ae id Ml 
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Ht YL Wiig as aa | 
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tay) ee 
=<ap 
fi ie 


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we 
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® ; 
pd ‘ = 2 a ’ ; 
fw Aa ar 7 ms + 


PLATE XxXIfl 


58 
CBS 8288 


a Ecesrists 
aoe aa 
~ 


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pb 
” 6 a = 


Wwegss gon, 


= A fay ee 


PLATE XXIV 


6) 62 
: CBS 14236 


CBS 14217 


Bie att 
aoe 


=) ve 


PLATE XXV 


64 
CSS .1ZH98 


ng ¢ 
: Vey / 

Sy LY i { 
Why a 


Asai 
Hye 


| 


HEH hl 


ss 


WR SORE ange Sah 


Les IE EEE RE 


plihenety, 
NIK) c7=1=< 11 
Eres Hepes 


ie ak 


if, 


a. 
@ 


ye 


“4 


=> 


PEMNWMY Wel? lily 
) BT PLES ERY By 


PLATE XXVI 


67 


Aye, elateh el pAb leis, 


PECEDIEY 5 


7 
b> 
eA LEY 4 


ALS bbe fT EARLE EO 
Tae 


ee asl 
NED GEE Ey 


68 


OBV CBS 14199 REV 


Rar a 
BM: i Se, 


Set I eT, 

ta EMS abe) PAT. am 

RWIS ATES EATS 
sa aa lipteoe! 


Yq Vika. 


& 4 4 [A 


alee 


. Al Af 
BN ge Silda 
Mil) WEAR 


Wr 


na - 


SO ee ee v —— 


i 


PLATE XXVII 


69 


GBo l1hOlg 


OBY 
Pd Br ET 


g PIAS 
Sen 6 7 ie Na 
pd & ref oale Lee Yh pt 


4 
pba PPT 
‘ 


be 


7A@ 
OEY. CBS 13880 REV 


wrpereat es Kae 
He io He ELE iS ry : 


ia sat 
i A 


ox il MV} ae} 


ry 1 -. ” YY y DpA\4 A 
I “ = oan } ; Z pot ' \/ PK: 
TNE EE YEA 


74 
CBS 7188 


“gn c ee ae ee 
a See > ee 7 Thpe gyn ri 


Tix . 
CBS 14203. 


BET ET aT ML) 
pabarrempe tie 
reat wemeroan 
EAC ae 
apa aet alone 
VACA ER EE SLT 


{ 


75 


REV 


Vice. 
Gossts07.o 


PLATE XXVIII 


PLATE XXIX 


76 
ele) {key ere 


Phas, 


oe bor. ip 


arilee eae ooo (Sere 
ree Sec a eas 
mip mii 

pete EY Nyt a 
fapeeacat=tcot 
Lt epee 


, yaar te ‘ 
Ses) = 4% 
tae 


oT» 


jy ocisee: ay 
— 


PLATE XXX 


ee a ee ak . 


78 
CBS 14135 
OBV REV 


ies) 
CBS 14219 


= 


Ses ne 
= 


- ae aie =18 sn 
5 oe 4 Y Apbty 0) 
“Arihys WEEE Yeity—f1 e~ SS 

re ae eee i 


AM zine a7 /\ 2 = ne 

ATE lla a Ab ESD 

? oA RSE AR ae ate a 
ay Ms tides enters ee St = 


4 ws & 
a 


Ker Lay reer vee iti “ptiiiah vl fst Ey By SBD sl : 
: ea eeeey | a: 
9. Da _ Bans a Shes 


Dy | LA oS A (rE LL EE 
AV OU IY 


t-—<7 SJ 


AGO 
Aay Oct wales eo 
O@ 


Tike Tiemann Sa RSV Arye = tor POY 


—_——— 


PP ADEN EPL LOTTO AE RE ELEY ER OE 


a) Pa ee ae It TI TOM hentia be Be ina Ne eb OF Ie 


igh 


eal : ; V A a Feud 

+ 5 4 < Fl a 5 wm e Ma ihe 4 ' A as ba, . ro. 
) ‘ 6 ys Ig al ' ww - 

? y : ey 2 2s «8 rr Be mee - 


E Vidy 
a A a , ond aa if 
- ps 4 : i . ~ 
; ty 


- 


PLATE XXXII 


8| 
CBS 2350 


Wa Wy, 


wo i, 


Le 

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peers citer 
vier eT sr K 
HY pe] QTE SEY Se of 


Hel IF See TP APL CATS PP 
fale allains ELD 


Sree tsp < A ARIK ae 
Tis iD Hi iy ; 
etme 


Mf! Y TK F< MC Any Wil’ Jf Vif Vs, 
Vy / MEAT TELIA: ey 


¢ Le Mt i 5 
st so MeN, if 


jhe faa: Lar AON, as 


yeah A esr ic 
VF =f epee <A 


PLATE XXxXIll 


84 
CBS 11074 
REV 


hoes 


bein ey ; 
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CB owia2O4 


LAP. ///pre ress 366 CO 
Y Ke) BEF Ch, = 5 oe 
SSIES 
paee ae 
ie= 
Z 


(aS 7 : 7 2 f- | 
2 : SAB ASE SS AT 
 % Va Ga At fof Vey) : 
AT LAW? BY de LA Ss y ve im = ! g 
MSL Eas 


PLATE | 


BABYL. PUB. UNIV. MUSEUM VOL. XIII 


IBI-SIN TO THE 


A SEAL GIVEN BY KING 


NO.<3. 


Bign = rPReiES?r OF ENLIL. 


ENLARGED 6 TIMES. 


PSreS = htm Fag (hn bw h 


4 ae - 
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ae aa. & ee 


a aehgis 
oot Sint. oT S he 


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Sehg 40 REGIE ie 
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© Png : 
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BABYL. PUB. UNIV. MUSEUM VOL. XIII 


ond 


1 hed 


2 


LIST OF KIN 


GS. NO. 1 


Cc. B: S$. 14220. 


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